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Related Concept Videos

Patient-centered Care01:13

Patient-centered Care

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Patient-centered care involves delivering care beyond inpatient hospitalization. Reflective practice can enhance a patient-centered approach. Reflective practice is a process of reasoning that considers all aspects of the present situation, including practicalities, learning from personal practice, and consideration of patient needs. Patients appreciate care decisions made while considering their input. Involving the patient in their care provides the patient with a sense of contribution rather...
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Drug Dosing: Obese Patients01:21

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In the United States, obesity is a prominent concern. It is linked to heightened mortality rates due to increased occurrences of conditions such as hypertension, atherosclerosis, coronary artery disease, and diabetes compared to nonobese individuals. A patient is classified as obese if their actual body weight surpasses the ideal or desirable body weight by 20%, based on Metropolitan Life Insurance Company data. Ideal body weights consider average weights and heights for males and females...
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Drug Dosing: Geriatric Patients01:15

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Elderly individuals encompass a diverse population with varying degrees of age-related physiological changes. Defining the elderly presents challenges, as the geriatric population is often arbitrarily categorized as individuals older than 65. However, many individuals in this group lead active and healthy lives, with an increasing number surpassing 85 years and falling into the older elderly category. Physiological changes associated with aging impact performance capacity and homeostatic...
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Pharmacokinetics in Pediatric Patients: Drug Distribution01:17

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Drug distribution in the pediatric population exhibits unique challenges and considerations due to the physiological differences between children, particularly neonates and infants, and adults. A crucial aspect of pediatric pharmacology is understanding how these differences impact the pharmacokinetics of various drugs, necessitating age-specific dosing strategies to ensure efficacy and safety.Neonates and infants have a higher total body water content, ~75%–90% of their body weight,...
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Pharmacokinetics in Pediatric Patients: Drug Metabolism01:24

Pharmacokinetics in Pediatric Patients: Drug Metabolism

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In pediatric care, understanding the nuances of hepatic drug metabolism is crucial, as it significantly differs from that of adults. This divergence is primarily due to the developmental stage of drug-metabolizing enzymes, which affects how medications are processed in the body. In neonates, for instance, the activity of Phase I enzymes—critical for the initial breakdown of drugs—is markedly reduced, functioning at just 20–40% of the levels seen in adults. This reduction poses...
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Pharmacodynamics in Geriatric Patients: Effects of Age01:27

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Age-related pharmacokinetic changes are extensively documented, but understanding age-related pharmacodynamic alterations is relatively limited. This knowledge gap can be partly attributed to the complexity of developing appropriate measures of drug responses compared to bioanalytical methods for determining drug concentrations.Most information regarding age-related differences in human pharmacodynamics originates from cross-sectional studies. However, these studies assume that observed mean...
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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jan 21, 2026

Invasive Hemodynamic Characterization of the Portal-hypertensive Syndrome in Cirrhotic Rats
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VRE in cirrhotic patients.

Melissa Barger1, Emily Blodget2, Sol Pena3

  • 1Ventura County Medical Center, 300 Hillmont Ave., Ventura, CA, 93003, USA.

BMC Infectious Diseases
|August 15, 2019
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Vancomycin-resistant Enterococci (VRE) infections pose a significant threat to hospitalized patients with cirrhosis. This study identified key risk factors for VRE and found increased mortality in infected patients, though its independent role remains unclear.

Keywords:
CirrhosisLiver diseaseVancomycin-resistant enterococcus

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Area of Science:

  • Infectious Diseases
  • Hepatology
  • Transplantation Medicine

Background:

  • Vancomycin-resistant Enterococci (VRE) infections are a growing concern in healthcare settings.
  • Patients with cirrhosis have an elevated risk of VRE infection and subsequent complications.
  • Understanding VRE risk factors and outcomes in cirrhotic patients is crucial for improving care.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To identify risk factors associated with VRE infection in cirrhotic patients awaiting liver transplantation.
  • To evaluate the impact of VRE infection on morbidity and mortality at 30 days and one year post-infection.

Main Methods:

  • A retrospective chart review was conducted on 533 cirrhotic patients.
  • Patients were categorized into three groups: VRE infected (n=65), Gram-negative organism infected (n=80), and uninfected (n=306).

Main Results:

  • Female gender, higher Child Pugh scores, ascites, dialysis, and oral antibiotic prophylaxis (including rifaximin) were significantly associated with VRE infection.
  • VRE-infected patients experienced longer ICU and hospital stays.
  • One-year mortality was higher in VRE-infected cirrhotic patients compared to uninfected controls.

Conclusions:

  • While VRE infection is linked to worse outcomes in cirrhotic patients, it remains uncertain if it's an independent risk factor for mortality or a marker of underlying disease severity.