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Related Concept Videos

Phase Diagrams02:39

Phase Diagrams

48.9K
A phase diagram combines plots of pressure versus temperature for the liquid-gas, solid-liquid, and solid-gas phase-transition equilibria of a substance. These diagrams indicate the physical states that exist under specific conditions of pressure and temperature and also provide the pressure dependence of the phase-transition temperatures (melting points, sublimation points, boiling points). Regions or areas labeled solid, liquid, and gas represent single phases, while lines or curves represent...
48.9K
Phase Transitions02:31

Phase Transitions

22.7K
Whether solid, liquid, or gas, a substance's state depends on the order and arrangement of its particles (atoms, molecules, or ions). Particles in the solid pack closely together, generally in a pattern. The particles vibrate about their fixed positions but do not move or squeeze past their neighbors. In liquids, although the particles are closely spaced, they are randomly arranged. The position of the particles are not fixed—that is, they are free to move past their neighbors to...
22.7K
Phase Transitions: Melting and Freezing02:39

Phase Transitions: Melting and Freezing

14.6K
Heating a crystalline solid increases the average energy of its atoms, molecules, or ions, and the solid gets hotter. At some point, the added energy becomes large enough to partially overcome the forces holding the molecules or ions of the solid in their fixed positions, and the solid begins the process of transitioning to the liquid state or melting. At this point, the temperature of the solid stops rising, despite the continual input of heat, and it remains constant until all of the solid is...
14.6K
Phase Transitions: Sublimation and Deposition02:33

Phase Transitions: Sublimation and Deposition

19.7K
Some solids can transition directly into the gaseous state, bypassing the liquid state, via a process known as sublimation. At room temperature and standard pressure, a piece of dry ice (solid CO2) sublimes, appearing to gradually disappear without ever forming any liquid. Snow and ice sublimate at temperatures below the melting point of water, a slow process that may be accelerated by winds and the reduced atmospheric pressures at high altitudes. When solid iodine is warmed, the solid sublimes...
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Inductance: Single-Phase And Three-Phase Line01:28

Inductance: Single-Phase And Three-Phase Line

613
Understanding the inductance of transmission lines is crucial for efficient design and operation in electrical power systems. This discussion delves into the inductance characteristics of single-phase two-wire and three-phase three-wire transmission lines with equal phase spacing.
Single-Phase Two-Wire Line:
A single-phase line consists of two solid cylindrical conductors, denoted as x and y. Each conductor carries phasor currents ix and iy, respectively. Given that the sum of these currents is...
613
Capacitance: Single-Phase And Three-Phase Line01:25

Capacitance: Single-Phase And Three-Phase Line

582
In electrical power systems, understanding the capacitance of transmission lines is fundamental for efficient operation.
Single-Phase Lines
Consider a single-phase, two-wire transmission line with equal phase spacing energized by a voltage source. One conductor carries a uniform positive charge, while the other carries an equal negative charge. The capacitance C of the line can be derived from the voltage V between the conductors. For a one-meter section of the line, the capacitance is given...
582

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On-Site Sampling and Extraction of Brain Tumors for Metabolomics and Lipidomics Analysis
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Liquid - Phase microextraction and electromembrane extraction in millifluidic devices:A tutorial.

María Ramos-Payán1

  • 1Department of Analytical Chemistry, Faculty of Chemistry, University of Seville, c/Prof. García González s/n, 41012, Seville, Spain.

Analytica Chimica Acta
|August 15, 2019
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

This tutorial explores integrating microextraction into millifluidic platforms for analyzing acidic and basic drugs. Miniaturized systems offer advantages like reduced solvent use and faster extraction times.

Keywords:
ElectromembraneLiquid phase microextractionMillifluidic deviceSample preparationSupported liquid membrane

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Area of Science:

  • Analytical Chemistry
  • Separation Science
  • Miniaturized Systems

Background:

  • Sample preparation techniques are increasingly miniaturized into millifluidic formats.
  • Miniaturized analytical systems offer benefits such as reduced toxic solvent and sample consumption, shorter extraction times, ease of handling, and lower costs.
  • The replacement of conventional analytical systems by these miniaturized alternatives has grown in recent years.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To discuss the integration of microextraction procedures into millifluidic platforms.
  • To evaluate the applicability of millifluidic systems for the determination of acidic and basic drugs.
  • To provide a comprehensive summary of liquid-liquid extraction in millifluidic devices.

Main Methods:

  • Review of microextraction techniques adapted for millifluidic platforms.
  • Focus on three-phase liquid-liquid extraction configurations within millifluidic devices.
  • Analysis of historical development, extraction mechanisms, performance, and operational parameters.

Main Results:

  • Millifluidic platforms can be effectively integrated with various microextraction procedures.
  • These systems demonstrate applicability for the determination of acidic and basic drugs.
  • The review covers extraction mechanisms, performance metrics, and operational parameters.

Conclusions:

  • Millifluidic systems represent a viable miniaturized alternative for drug analysis.
  • The integration of microextraction enhances the efficiency and sustainability of analytical processes.
  • Future directions in millifluidic-based sample preparation are highlighted.