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Alzheimer's disease: pathogenesis, diagnostics, and therapeutics
Sneham Tiwari1, Venkata Atluri1, Ajeet Kaushik1
1Department of Immunology and Nano-Medicine, Institute of NeuroImmune Pharmacology, Herbert Wertheim College of Medicine, Florida International University, Miami, FL 33199, USA.
International Journal of Nanomedicine
|August 15, 2019
Summary
Alzheimer's disease (AD) involves amyloid-beta plaques and tau tangles, leading to dementia. This review covers AD causes, diagnostics, and therapeutics, highlighting nanotechnology's potential for brain drug delivery.
Area of Science:
- Neuroscience
- Pathology
- Pharmacology
Background:
- Alzheimer's disease (AD) is a leading cause of dementia, affecting 47 million globally, projected to reach 131 million by 2050.
- Pathogenesis involves amyloid-beta (Aβ) plaques and hyperphosphorylated tau tangles, causing neurodegeneration, memory loss, and cognitive decline.
- Aβ production results from anomalous APP processing, leading to aggregation and triggering microglial activation and neuroinflammation.
Purpose of the Study:
- To review the causative factors of Alzheimer's disease.
- To discuss current therapeutic and diagnostic strategies for AD.
- To highlight the potential of nanotechnology in AD treatment.
Main Methods:
- Literature review of AD pathogenesis, diagnostics, and therapeutics.
- Analysis of amyloid-beta plaque formation and clearance mechanisms.
- Evaluation of current and emerging treatment modalities, including imaging and drug delivery.
Main Results:
- AD pathogenesis is multifactorial, involving Aβ aggregation, tau pathology, and neuroinflammation.
- Current diagnostics include imaging techniques for plaque visualization.
- Emerging therapeutics focus on targeting Aβ, tau, and neuroinflammation, with nanotechnology showing promise for enhanced drug delivery.
Conclusions:
- Understanding AD's complex etiology is crucial for developing effective treatments.
- Nanotechnology offers a promising avenue for improving drug bioavailability in the central nervous system for AD therapy.
- Further research into integrated therapeutic and diagnostic approaches is essential.