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Characteristics of Life01:23

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Biology is a natural science that studies life and living organisms, including their structure, function, development, interactions, evolution, distribution, and taxonomy. The field's scope is extensive and divided into several specialized disciplines, such as anatomy, physiology, ethology, genetics, and many more. All living things share a few key traits, including cellular organization, heritable genetic material and the ability to adapt/evolve, metabolism to regulate energy needs, the...
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Biological organization is the classification of biological structures, ranging from atoms at the bottom of the hierarchy to the Earth's biosphere. Each level of the hierarchy represents an increase in complexity that builds upon the previous level.
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The half-life of a reaction (t1/2) is the time required for one-half of a given amount of reactant to be consumed. In each succeeding half-life, half of the remaining concentration of the reactant is consumed. For example, during the decomposition of hydrogen peroxide, during the first half-life (from 0.00 hours to 6.00 hours), the concentration of H2O2 decreases from 1.000 M to 0.500 M. During the second half-life (from 6.00 hours to 12.00 hours), the concentration decreases from 0.500 M to...
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All living things are formed mostly of carbon compounds called organic compounds. The category of organic compounds includes both natural and synthetic compounds that contain carbon. Although a single, precise definition has yet to be identified by the chemistry community, most agree that a defining trait of organic molecules is the presence of carbon as the principal element, bonded to hydrogen and other carbon atoms. However, some carbon-containing compounds such as carbonates, cyanides, and...
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The “tree of life” describes the evolution of life and the evolutionary relationships between organisms. The root of the tree is the common ancestor to all life on Earth. All other species radiate from this point, much like the branches of a tree. The numerous tips of these branches on the tree of life represent every living, or extant, species. Extinct species, which are species that no longer exist, can be found towards the center of the tree. Currently, these organisms, both...
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Biallelic rescue of CTG18.1 in two Fuchs endothelial corneal dystrophy-derived iPSC lines (SCTCi047-A-2, SCTCi046-A-2) following a two-step gene editing strategy.

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Synthesis of a Water-soluble Metal–Organic Complex Array
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Building Complex Life Through Self-Organization.

Mireille M J P E Sthijns1, Vanessa L S LaPointe1, Clemens A van Blitterswijk1

  • 1Department of Complex Tissue Regeneration, MERLN Institute for Technology-Inspired Regenerative Medicine, Maastricht, The Netherlands.

Tissue Engineering. Part A
|August 15, 2019
PubMed
Summary

Cellular self-organization, a natural process, can be harnessed in vitro to create organoids and tissues. Tissue engineering should enhance, not over-engineer, this innate cellular ability for optimal results.

Keywords:
3-D cell cultureorganoidsself-organization

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Area of Science:

  • Biomedical Engineering
  • Developmental Biology
  • Stem Cell Biology

Background:

  • Cells possess an intrinsic capacity for self-organization, forming complex tissues and organs.
  • This self-organization process can be replicated in vitro, as demonstrated by advances in organoid technology.
  • Understanding and utilizing this innate cellular behavior is crucial for tissue engineering applications.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To explore the potential of harnessing cellular self-organization in vitro for tissue engineering.
  • To identify strategies for enhancing self-organization using biomolecules and microenvironmental control.
  • To emphasize the importance of fine-tuning rather than over-engineering the self-organization process.

Main Methods:

  • Utilizing aggregates of stem cells and tissue-specific cells.
  • Employing carefully selected biomolecules to guide cellular differentiation.
  • Implementing technologies to establish physiological microenvironments for construct development.
  • Culturing self-organized structures over extended periods.

Main Results:

  • Demonstrated that cellular self-organization can be recapitulated and guided in vitro.
  • Showcased the benefits of biomolecular input and controlled microenvironments in enhancing self-organization.
  • Highlighted the successful generation of small, functioning organoid structures.
  • Observed that over-engineering can counteract the natural self-organization process.

Conclusions:

  • Cellular self-organization is a powerful innate feature that can be leveraged in tissue engineering.
  • Fine-tuning self-organization with biomolecules and microenvironmental cues enhances construct development.
  • Tissue engineering strategies should complement, not override, the inherent self-organizing capabilities of cells for creating new tissues and organs.