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High-Throughput Identification of Resistance to Pseudomonas syringae pv. Tomato in Tomato using Seedling Flood Assay
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Fighting on two fronts: Elevated insect resistance in flooded maize.

Anna K Block1, Charles T Hunter1, Scott E Sattler2

  • 1Chemistry Research Unit, Center for Medical, Agricultural and Veterinary Entomology, U.S. Department of Agriculture-Agricultural Research Service, Gainesville, FL, 32608, USA.

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|August 15, 2019
PubMed
Summary

Plants like maize exhibit enhanced defense against fall armyworm (Spodoptera frugiperda) when facing combined flooding and pest stress. This involves increased salicylic acid and specific metabolites, boosting plant resilience.

Keywords:
Zea maysfall armywormmaysinphenylpropanoidsalicylic acidsubmergencevolatiles

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Area of Science:

  • Plant Biology
  • Plant-Insect Interactions
  • Stress Physiology

Background:

  • Plants possess sophisticated defense mechanisms against environmental challenges and pests.
  • Understanding plant responses to simultaneous, multiple stressors is crucial but less explored.
  • Maize (Zea mays) is a vital crop susceptible to various biotic and abiotic stresses.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To investigate the response of Zea mays to the combined stress of flooding and Spodoptera frugiperda infestation.
  • To elucidate the molecular and metabolic changes induced by combinatorial stress.
  • To determine if combined stresses elicit synergistic or additive defense responses.

Main Methods:

  • Experimental setup involving Zea mays subjected to individual flooding and Spodoptera frugiperda infestation, as well as combined stress.
  • Measurement of defense hormone levels, specifically salicylic acid.
  • Analysis of phenylpropanoid pathway metabolites, including C-glycosyl flavones (maysins) and volatile phenolics.
  • Assessment of cellular redox status through enzyme activity assays (peroxidase, polyphenol oxidase).

Main Results:

  • Combined flooding and fall armyworm stress significantly elevated salicylic acid production, unlike individual stresses.
  • Increased resistance to Spodoptera frugiperda was observed, dependent on salicylic acid signaling.
  • Metabolic reprogramming included enhanced production of anti-insect maysins and herbivore-induced volatile phenolics (benzyl acetate, phenethyl acetate).
  • Reductions in peroxidase and polyphenol oxidase activity indicated altered cellular redox status.

Conclusions:

  • Combinatorial stress triggers unique defense pathways in Zea mays, including elevated salicylic acid.
  • Metabolite changes contribute additively and synergistically to enhanced flooding tolerance and anti-insect defense.
  • This study highlights the complex interplay of plant responses to multiple simultaneous stressors.