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Related Concept Videos

Atomic Orbitals02:44

Atomic Orbitals

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An atomic orbital represents the three-dimensional regions in an atom where an electron has the highest probability to reside. The radial distribution function indicates the total probability of finding an electron within the thin shell at a distance r from the nucleus. The atomic orbitals have distinct shapes which are determined by l, the angular momentum quantum number. The orbitals are often drawn with a boundary surface, enclosing densest regions of the cloud.
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Orbitals are the areas outside of the atomic nucleus where electrons are most likely to reside. They are characterized by different energy levels, shapes, and three-dimensional orientations. The location of electrons is described most generally by a shell or principal energy level, then by a subshell within each shell, and finally, by individual orbitals found within the subshells.
The first shell is closest to the nucleus, and it has only one subshell with a single spherical orbital called the...
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The mathematical expression known as the wave function, ψ, contains information about each orbital and the wavelike properties of electrons in an isolated atom. When atoms are bound together in a molecule, the wave functions combine to produce new mathematical descriptions that have different shapes. This process of combining the wave functions for atomic orbitals is called hybridization and is mathematically accomplished by the linear combination of atomic orbitals. The new orbitals that...
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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jan 20, 2026

Three-Dimensional Reconstruction of Orbital Fractures
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[Orbital Disorders in Childhood].

Daniel J Salchow

    Klinische Monatsblatter Fur Augenheilkunde
    |August 15, 2019
    PubMed
    Summary

    Pediatric orbital disorders vary by age, with tumors and cysts common in infants and vascular lesions in toddlers. Early diagnosis and treatment are crucial for conditions like orbital fractures and amblyopia.

    Area of Science:

    • Ophthalmology
    • Pediatric Oncology
    • Pediatric Surgery

    Background:

    • Orbital disorders in children present diverse pathologies, differing significantly from adult presentations.
    • Neoplastic and structural anomalies are prevalent in newborns, while vascular lesions increase in toddlers.
    • Inflammatory conditions and orbital fractures require specific diagnostic and management considerations in pediatric patients.

    Purpose of the Study:

    • To provide a comprehensive overview of pediatric orbital disorders.
    • To highlight age-specific prevalences and key pathologies.
    • To discuss diagnostic considerations, novel therapies, and management strategies for common orbital conditions in children.

    Main Methods:

    • Review of current literature on pediatric orbital disorders.

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  • Analysis of age-related patterns in orbital pathologies.
  • Discussion of diagnostic criteria and therapeutic options.

    • Main Results:

    • Dermoid cysts are the most common benign orbital mass in young children.
    • Rhabdomyosarcoma and neuroblastoma are critical considerations for orbital malignancies.
    • Capillary hemangioma and lymphangioma are common vascular lesions with emerging treatments like beta-blockers and sirolimus.
    • Orbital fractures in children may lack external signs, necessitating vigilance for "white-eye blowout fractures."
    • Inflammatory disorders and amblyopia require timely intervention.

    Conclusions:

    • Pediatric orbital disorders exhibit distinct age-related patterns.
    • Prompt diagnosis and tailored management, including novel therapies, are essential for optimal outcomes.
    • Awareness of specific conditions like "white-eye blowout fractures" and amblyopia is critical for pediatric eye care professionals.