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Area of Science:

  • Cognitive Psychology
  • Expertise Studies
  • Human Performance

Background:

  • Perceptual-cognitive skills are crucial for integrating environmental information and executing responses in complex tasks.
  • Three theories explain how these skills influence expert performance: long-term working memory, information-reduction hypothesis, and holistic image perception.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To systematically review and examine the validity of theoretical accounts of expert performance.
  • To assess how gaze features support or refute proposed underlying processes of perceptual-cognitive skills in expertise.

Main Methods:

  • Systematic literature review analyzing studies on expert performance and gaze behavior.
  • Evaluation of evidence supporting or refuting the long-term working memory theory, information-reduction hypothesis, and holistic model of image perception.

Main Results:

  • The information-reduction hypothesis is supported across most domains, highlighting selective attention as a key expert skill.
  • In medicine, the holistic model of image perception is more strongly supported, indicating expertise reflected in an extended visual span.
  • Significant discrepancies across domains suggest no single theory universally explains expertise.

Conclusions:

  • Selective attention is a critical skill developed in experts across various fields.
  • Medical expertise uniquely benefits from an extended visual span, as described by the holistic model.
  • Further synthesis of theoretical concepts is needed to understand domain-specific expertise development.