Jove
Visualize
Contact Us
JoVE
x logofacebook logolinkedin logoyoutube logo
ABOUT JoVE
OverviewLeadershipBlogJoVE Help Center
AUTHORS
Publishing ProcessEditorial BoardScope & PoliciesPeer ReviewFAQSubmit
LIBRARIANS
TestimonialsSubscriptionsAccessResourcesLibrary Advisory BoardFAQ
RESEARCH
JoVE JournalMethods CollectionsJoVE Encyclopedia of ExperimentsArchive
EDUCATION
JoVE CoreJoVE BusinessJoVE Science EducationJoVE Lab ManualFaculty Resource CenterFaculty Site
Terms & Conditions of Use
Privacy Policy
Policies

Related Concept Videos

Clinical Trials01:16

Clinical Trials

10.2K
Clinical trials are prospective experimental studies conducted on humans to determine the safety and efficacy of treatments, drugs, diet methods, and medical devices. Using statistics in clinical trials enables researchers to derive reasonable and accurate conclusions from the collected data, allowing them to make wise decisions in uncertain situations. In medical research, statistical methods are crucial for preventing errors and bias.
There are four phases in a clinical trial. A phase one...
10.2K
Clinical Trials: Overview01:11

Clinical Trials: Overview

4.6K
Clinical development focuses on how the drug will interact with the human body and encompasses four key phases of clinical trials, each serving a specific purpose in assessing the safety and effectiveness of new drugs. These phases overlap and build upon one another. Phase I involves a small group of healthy volunteers (typically 20-80 individuals) or, in cases where significant toxicity is expected, patients with the targeted disease, such as cancer or AIDS. The volunteers are tested for...
4.6K
Trial and Error and Algorithm01:12

Trial and Error and Algorithm

398
A problem-solving strategy is a plan of action used to find a solution. Different strategies have distinct action plans. Trial and error involves trying different solutions until one works. For instance, to fix a broken printer, you might check ink levels, ensure the paper tray isn't jammed, and verify the printer's connection to your laptop. This method can be time-consuming but is commonly used. Thomas Edison, for example, used trial and error to find a suitable filament for the light...
398
Statistical Software for Data Analysis and Clinical Trials01:12

Statistical Software for Data Analysis and Clinical Trials

1.4K
Statistical software is pivotal in data analysis and clinical trials by providing tools to analyze data, draw conclusions, and make predictions. These software packages range from simple data management applications to complex analytical platforms, supporting various statistical tests, models, and simulation techniques. Their significance lies in their ability to handle vast amounts of data with precision and efficiency, enabling researchers to validate hypotheses, identify trends, and make...
1.4K
Stereotypes, Prejudice, and Discrimination02:55

Stereotypes, Prejudice, and Discrimination

95.0K
Humans are very diverse and although we share many similarities, we also have many differences. The social groups we belong to help form our identities (Tajfel, 1974). These differences may be difficult for some people to reconcile, which may lead to prejudice toward people who are different. Prejudice is a negative attitude and feeling toward an individual based solely on one’s membership in a particular social group (Allport, 1954; Brown, 2010). Prejudice is common against people who...
95.0K
Uncertainty in Measurement: Accuracy and Precision03:37

Uncertainty in Measurement: Accuracy and Precision

100.1K
Scientists typically make repeated measurements of a quantity to ensure the quality of their findings and to evaluate both the precision and the accuracy of their results. Measurements are said to be precise if they yield very similar results when repeated in the same manner. A measurement is considered accurate if it yields a result that is very close to the true or the accepted value. Precise values agree with each other; accurate values agree with a true value. 
100.1K

You might also read

Related Articles

Articles linked to this work by shared authors, journal, and citation graph.

Sort by
Same author

The partial reinforcement extinction effect: Learning about trial sequences or time to reinforcement.

Journal of experimental psychology. Animal learning and cognition·2026
Same author

Information, certainty, and learning.

eLife·2026
Same author

Learning about trial sequences disrupts the partial reinforcement extinction effect in classical conditioning.

Journal of experimental psychology. Animal learning and cognition·2024
Same author

The sequencing of trials during partial reinforcement affects subsequent extinction.

Journal of experimental psychology. Animal learning and cognition·2023
Same author

The learning curve, revisited.

Journal of experimental psychology. Animal learning and cognition·2022
Same author

Delaying extinction weakens the partial reinforcement extinction effect.

Journal of experimental psychology. Animal learning and cognition·2022

Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jan 20, 2026

In Silico Clinical Trials for Cardiovascular Disease
09:09

In Silico Clinical Trials for Cardiovascular Disease

Published on: May 27, 2022

2.2K

The importance of trials.

Justin A Harris1

  • 1The University of Sydney.

Journal of Experimental Psychology. Animal Learning and Cognition
|August 16, 2019
PubMed
Summary

Learning theories often overlook timing. This study suggests conditioning involves remembering complete trials, not continuous updates, especially when learning about the absence of rewards. This trial-based memory influences future behavior.

Area of Science:

  • Behavioral neuroscience
  • Learning and memory

Background:

  • Conditioning theories often focus on trial-by-trial updates of stimulus-response associations.
  • Existing models struggle to explain how animals learn the precise timing of events.
  • Continuous learning models propose explicit temporal representations or sequential associations.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To review evidence suggesting that certain aspects of conditioning rely on a trial-based learning process.
  • To explore how animals learn about the absence of an unconditioned stimulus (US) during extinction.
  • To investigate the role of episodic trial memory in conditioning and reinforcement history.

Main Methods:

  • Review of existing literature on conditioning and learning theories.
  • Analysis of behavioral data related to extinction and partial reinforcement schedules.

More Related Videos

Small-Cage Laboratory Trials of Genetically-Engineered Anopheline Mosquitoes
07:45

Small-Cage Laboratory Trials of Genetically-Engineered Anopheline Mosquitoes

Published on: May 1, 2021

3.1K
Author Spotlight: Advancements and Challenges in Surgical Treatments for Postamputation Pain
03:26

Author Spotlight: Advancements and Challenges in Surgical Treatments for Postamputation Pain

Published on: March 8, 2024

3.5K

Related Experiment Videos

Last Updated: Jan 20, 2026

In Silico Clinical Trials for Cardiovascular Disease
09:09

In Silico Clinical Trials for Cardiovascular Disease

Published on: May 27, 2022

2.2K
Small-Cage Laboratory Trials of Genetically-Engineered Anopheline Mosquitoes
07:45

Small-Cage Laboratory Trials of Genetically-Engineered Anopheline Mosquitoes

Published on: May 1, 2021

3.1K
Author Spotlight: Advancements and Challenges in Surgical Treatments for Postamputation Pain
03:26

Author Spotlight: Advancements and Challenges in Surgical Treatments for Postamputation Pain

Published on: March 8, 2024

3.5K
  • Theoretical modeling of trial-based versus continuous learning processes.

    • Main Results:

    • Evidence suggests that extinction learning involves encoding complete trials as episodes, not continuous unfulfilled expectations.
    • Animals remember the pattern of reinforcement history, treating non-reinforced trials as distinct events.
    • This trial-based memory influences response persistence during extinction.

    Conclusions:

    • Some conditioning phenomena are better explained by a trial-based episodic memory system than continuous learning.
    • The ability to encode and recall sequences of reinforced and non-reinforced trials is crucial for adaptive behavior.
    • This perspective reframes our understanding of how animals learn temporal relationships and reinforcement schedules.