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Continuous-wave Thulium Laser for Heating Cultured Cells to Investigate Cellular Thermal Effects
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Thulium laser at ∼2.3  μm based on upconversion pumping.

Lauren Guillemot, Pavel Loiko, Rémi Soulard

    Optics Letters
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    Summary

    Novel upconversion pumping schemes using photon avalanche mechanisms enable efficient 2.3 μm thulium (Tm) lasers. This research demonstrates promising results for high-efficiency Tm laser development.

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    Area of Science:

    • Laser physics
    • Quantum optics
    • Materials science

    Background:

    • Thulium (Tm) lasers operating at 2.3 μm are crucial for various applications.
    • Developing efficient pumping schemes is essential for enhancing Tm laser performance.

    Purpose of the Study:

    • To investigate novel upconversion (UC) pumping schemes for 2.3 μm thulium (Tm) lasers.
    • To explore the photon avalanche mechanism for populating the intermediate metastable level.
    • To demonstrate UC pumping at specific wavelengths for Tm:LiYF4 lasers.

    Main Methods:

    • Utilizing a photon avalanche mechanism to populate the F43 metastable level.
    • Employing pump wavelengths of approximately 1 μm and 1.5 μm corresponding to resonant excited-state absorption.
    • Demonstrating UC pumping at 1040, 1055, and 1451 nm for Tm:LiYF4 lasers.

    Main Results:

    • Successful demonstration of UC pumping at 1040, 1055, and 1451 nm.
    • Achieved 102 mW output power at 2302 nm with a 14.6% slope efficiency using 1040 nm pumping.
    • Studied the laser dynamics under UC pumping conditions.

    Conclusions:

    • Upconversion pumping is a promising technique for achieving high efficiencies in 2.3 μm Tm lasers.
    • The demonstrated photon avalanche-based schemes offer an effective pathway for Tm laser development.
    • Further research into UC pumping can lead to advancements in mid-infrared laser technology.