Jove
Visualize
Contact Us
JoVE
x logofacebook logolinkedin logoyoutube logo
ABOUT JoVE
OverviewLeadershipBlogJoVE Help Center
AUTHORS
Publishing ProcessEditorial BoardScope & PoliciesPeer ReviewFAQSubmit
LIBRARIANS
TestimonialsSubscriptionsAccessResourcesLibrary Advisory BoardFAQ
RESEARCH
JoVE JournalMethods CollectionsJoVE Encyclopedia of ExperimentsArchive
EDUCATION
JoVE CoreJoVE BusinessJoVE Science EducationJoVE Lab ManualFaculty Resource CenterFaculty Site
Terms & Conditions of Use
Privacy Policy
Policies

Related Concept Videos

Timing and Consequences on Behavior01:08

Timing and Consequences on Behavior

366
In operant conditioning, the timing of reinforcement is crucial. For animals like rats and cats, immediate reinforcement (within a few seconds) is much more effective than delayed reinforcement. For example, a food reward for a rat needs to follow within 30 seconds of pressing a bar to be effective. 
Humans, however, can respond to delayed reinforcers. We often make decisions between immediate small rewards and delayed larger rewards. This ability to delay gratification is a significant...
366
Fast Fourier Transform01:10

Fast Fourier Transform

912
The Fast Fourier Transform (FFT) is a computational algorithm designed to compute the Discrete Fourier Transform (DFT) efficiently. By breaking down the calculations into smaller, manageable sections, the FFT significantly reduces the computational complexity involved. Direct computation of an N-point DFT requires N2 complex multiplications, whereas the FFT algorithm needs only (N/2)log⁡2N multiplications, offering a much faster performance.
The computational efficiency of the FFT becomes...
912
Gene Evolution - Fast or Slow?02:05

Gene Evolution - Fast or Slow?

8.0K
The genomes of eukaryotes are punctuated by long stretches of sequence which do not code for proteins or RNAs. Although some of these regions do contain crucial regulatory sequences, the vast majority of this DNA serves no known function. Typically, these regions of the genome are the ones in which the fastest change, in evolutionary terms, is observed, because there is typically little to no selection pressure acting on these regions to preserve their sequences.
In contrast, regions which code...
8.0K
Gene Evolution - Fast or Slow?02:05

Gene Evolution - Fast or Slow?

3.4K
3.4K
Fast Decoupled and DC Powerflow01:24

Fast Decoupled and DC Powerflow

734
The fast decoupled power flow method addresses contingencies in power system operations, such as generator outages or transmission line failures. This method provides quick power flow solutions, essential for real-time system adjustments. Fast decoupled power flow algorithms simplify the Jacobian matrix by neglecting certain elements, leading to two sets of decoupled equations:
734
Persuasion Strategies01:52

Persuasion Strategies

43.0K
Researchers have tested many persuasion strategies, including the foot-in-the door and the door-in-the-face techniques, in a variety of contexts. Ultimately, the principles are effective in selling products and changing people’s attitude, ideas, and behaviors (Cialdini & Goldstein, 2004).
43.0K

You might also read

Related Articles

Articles linked to this work by shared authors, journal, and citation graph.

Sort by
Same author

Radical-omics reveals the hydrogen-abstraction pathway of isoprene oxidation.

Nature communications·2026
Same author

Nitrate Photolysis: An Overlooked Factor in Atmospheric Brown Carbon Photobleaching.

Environmental science & technology·2026
Same author

Measurements of the OH + Octanal and OH, Cl, and Br + Nonanal Reaction Rate Coefficients and the Nonanal Aldehydic Site Branching Ratio.

The journal of physical chemistry. A·2026
Same author

Rethinking Nitrate Aerosol Substitution for Sulfate in Winter Haze.

Environmental science & technology·2026
Same author

Increasing Urban OH Levels in China over the Past Decade.

Environmental science & technology·2026
Same author

Fate of isoprene peroxy radical constrains the urban photochemical regime.

Science advances·2026

Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jan 20, 2026

Early Detection of Cyanobacterial Blooms and Associated Cyanotoxins using Fast Detection Strategy
07:13

Early Detection of Cyanobacterial Blooms and Associated Cyanotoxins using Fast Detection Strategy

Published on: February 25, 2021

4.4K

Fast Photochemistry in Wintertime Haze: Consequences for Pollution Mitigation Strategies.

Keding Lu, Hendrik Fuchs1, Andreas Hofzumahaus1

  • 1IEK-8: Troposphere , Forschungszentrum Jülich , Jülich 52425 , Germany.

Environmental Science & Technology
|August 17, 2019
PubMed
Summary

Winter haze in Beijing is driven by surprisingly high photochemical activity, comparable to summer smog. This active photochemistry produces secondary pollutants, challenging emission control strategies for both haze and ozone.

More Related Videos

Studying Neurobehavioral Effects of Environmental Pollutants on Zebrafish Larvae
07:06

Studying Neurobehavioral Effects of Environmental Pollutants on Zebrafish Larvae

Published on: February 5, 2020

6.5K
Bioprospecting of Extremophilic Microorganisms to Address Environmental Pollution
07:20

Bioprospecting of Extremophilic Microorganisms to Address Environmental Pollution

Published on: December 30, 2021

4.2K

Related Experiment Videos

Last Updated: Jan 20, 2026

Early Detection of Cyanobacterial Blooms and Associated Cyanotoxins using Fast Detection Strategy
07:13

Early Detection of Cyanobacterial Blooms and Associated Cyanotoxins using Fast Detection Strategy

Published on: February 25, 2021

4.4K
Studying Neurobehavioral Effects of Environmental Pollutants on Zebrafish Larvae
07:06

Studying Neurobehavioral Effects of Environmental Pollutants on Zebrafish Larvae

Published on: February 5, 2020

6.5K
Bioprospecting of Extremophilic Microorganisms to Address Environmental Pollution
07:20

Bioprospecting of Extremophilic Microorganisms to Address Environmental Pollution

Published on: December 30, 2021

4.2K

Area of Science:

  • Atmospheric Chemistry
  • Environmental Science
  • Air Pollution Research

Background:

  • Winter haze in northern mid-to-high latitudes is typically considered to have minor photochemical contributions due to low solar UV and water vapor.
  • Previous winter observations in other cities reported significantly lower radical oxidation rates than those found in Beijing.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To investigate the role of photochemistry in winter haze formation in Beijing.
  • To quantify hydroxyl radical oxidation rates and compare them to summer smog and previous winter studies.

Main Methods:

  • Comprehensive observations of atmospheric radicals and relevant parameters during winter haze events in Beijing.
  • Analysis of photochemical reaction pathways, including nitrous acid photolysis and ozonolysis of olefins.
  • Assessment of radical cycling processes driven by nitric oxide.

Main Results:

  • Observed hydroxyl radical oxidation rates up to 15 ppbv/h, comparable to summer photochemical smog.
  • Identified active photochemistry initiated by nitrous acid photolysis and ozonolysis, maintained by efficient radical cycling.
  • Measured fast photochemical ozone production rates, masked by nitrogen oxide chemical removal, contributing to high particle levels.

Conclusions:

  • Photochemistry plays a significant role in Beijing's winter haze, contrary to previous assumptions.
  • Future emission regulations must address the dual challenge of reducing haze and preventing ozone pollution.
  • Mitigation strategies for winter haze may need to incorporate measures similar to those used for summer photochemical smog.