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Properties of Transition Metals

Properties of Transition Metals

Transition metals are defined as those elements that have partially filled d orbitals. As shown in Figure 1, the d-block elements in groups 3–12 are transition elements. The f-block elements, also called inner transition metals (the lanthanides and actinides), also meet this criterion because the d orbital is partially occupied before the f orbitals.

Metallic Solids

Metallic Solids

Metallic solids such as crystals of copper, aluminum, and iron are formed by metal atoms. The structure of metallic crystals is often described as a uniform distribution of atomic nuclei within a “sea” of delocalized electrons. The atoms within such a metallic solid are held together by a unique force known as metallic bonding that gives rise to many useful and varied bulk properties.
All metallic solids exhibit high thermal and electrical conductivity, metallic luster, and malleability....

Nonlinear Pharmacokinetics: Causes of Nonlinearity

Nonlinear Pharmacokinetics: Causes of Nonlinearity

Nonlinearity in drug pharmacokinetics is caused by various factors influencing how a drug is absorbed, distributed, metabolized, and excreted. Understanding these nonlinear processes is crucial for predicting drug behavior in the body and optimizing drug dosing regimens.
Nonlinear drug absorption can occur when the process is rate-limited by solubility, carrier-mediated transport systems, or saturation of the presystemic gut wall or hepatic metabolism. For instance, high doses of riboflavin...

Bonding in Metals

Bonding in Metals

Metallic bonds are formed between two metal atoms. A simplified model to describe metallic bonding has been developed by Paul Drüde called the “Electron Sea Model”.

Alkali Metals

Alkali Metals

Group 1 elements are soft and shiny metallic solids. They are malleable, ductile, and good conductors of heat and electricity. The melting points of the alkali metals are unusually low for metals and decrease going down the group, while the density increases going down the group with the exception of potassium (Table 1).
Table 1: Properties of the alkali metals

Atomic Radii and Effective Nuclear Charge

Atomic Radii and Effective Nuclear Charge

The elements in groups of the periodic table exhibit similar chemical behavior. This similarity occurs because the members of a group have the same number and distribution of electrons in their valence shells.

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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jan 20, 2026

Preparation of Liquid-exfoliated Transition Metal Dichalcogenide Nanosheets with Controlled Size and Thickness: A State of the Art Protocol

Preparation of Liquid-exfoliated Transition Metal Dichalcogenide Nanosheets with Controlled Size and Thickness: A State of the Art Protocol

Published on: December 20, 2016

Atomically Thin Nonlinear Transition Metal Dichalcogenide Holograms.

Arindam Dasgupta¹, Jie Gao¹, Xiaodong Yang¹

¹Department of Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering , Missouri University of Science and Technology , Rolla , Missouri 65409 , United States.

|August 17, 2019

Summary

Researchers developed an ultrathin nonlinear hologram using a single tungsten disulfide monolayer. This breakthrough achieves high efficiency for generating optical beams and reconstructing images at new frequencies, advancing optical technologies.

Keywords:

2D materials Nonlinear holography second-harmonic generation transition metal dichalcogenide monolayer

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Recording Ultra-Realistic Full-Color Analog Holograms for Use in a Moving Hologram Display

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Last Updated: Jan 20, 2026

Preparation of Liquid-exfoliated Transition Metal Dichalcogenide Nanosheets with Controlled Size and Thickness: A State of the Art Protocol

Preparation of Liquid-exfoliated Transition Metal Dichalcogenide Nanosheets with Controlled Size and Thickness: A State of the Art Protocol

Published on: December 20, 2016

Synthesis and Performance Characterizations of Transition Metal Single Atom Catalyst for Electrochemical CO2 Reduction

Synthesis and Performance Characterizations of Transition Metal Single Atom Catalyst for Electrochemical CO2 Reduction

Published on: April 10, 2018

Recording Ultra-Realistic Full-Color Analog Holograms for Use in a Moving Hologram Display

Recording Ultra-Realistic Full-Color Analog Holograms for Use in a Moving Hologram Display

Published on: January 14, 2020

Area of Science:

Optics and Photonics
Materials Science
Nanotechnology

Background:

Nonlinear holography enables frequency conversion for optical applications but faces limitations with plasmonic metasurfaces, including low efficiency and high loss.
Current nonlinear holograms, often tens of nanometers thick, hinder on-chip integration and performance.

Purpose of the Study:

To introduce a novel nonlinear hologram with atomic thickness and high conversion efficiency.
To demonstrate the capability of generating optical vortex and Airy beams and reconstructing complex holographic images at the second harmonic frequency.

Main Methods:

Fabrication of a single nanopatterned tungsten disulfide (WS2) monolayer.
Utilizing the nonlinear optical properties of the WS2 monolayer for holographic applications.
Characterization of generated optical beams and reconstructed holographic images at the second harmonic frequency.

Main Results:

Achieved high conversion efficiency in an atomically thin nonlinear hologram.
Successfully generated optical vortex and Airy beams using the WS2 nonlinear hologram.
Reconstructed complex holographic images at the second harmonic frequency with high fidelity.

Conclusions:

The developed nonlinear transition metal dichalcogenide (TMD) hologram offers a pathway to overcome limitations of existing technologies.
This atomic-thickness hologram demonstrates potential for next-generation photonic circuits in optical communication, data storage, and information security.
The study advances the understanding of light-matter interactions at the atomic level.