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How Payment for Research Participation Can Be Coercive.

Joseph Millum1, Michael Garnett2

  • 1a National Institutes of Health.

The American Journal of Bioethics : AJOB
|August 17, 2019
PubMed
Summary

Payment for research participation is often seen as coercive, but philosophical analysis suggests it is not coercive if it involves offers, not threats. This distinction clarifies coercion in research ethics and payment practices.

Keywords:
human subjects researchinformed consentinternational/global healthmotivationphilosophyresearch ethics

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Area of Science:

  • Bioethics
  • Research Ethics
  • Philosophy of Medicine

Background:

  • Widespread belief that payment for research participation is coercive among ethics committees, researchers, and regulators.
  • Philosophical and bioethical analyses often conclude payment is not coercive, as coercion involves threats, not offers.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To resolve the disagreement regarding the coerciveness of payment for research participation.
  • To distinguish between two distinct concepts of coercion: consent-undermining coercion and coercion as subjection.

Main Methods:

  • Conceptual analysis of coercion.
  • Distinguishing between consent-undermining coercion and coercion as subjection.
  • Analysis of how payment for research participation relates to these concepts.

Main Results:

  • Offers of payment typically do not constitute consent-undermining coercion.
  • However, payment can sometimes constitute coercion as subjection, where an individual's interests are set back due to another's will.
  • Distinguishes between impermissible actions/unenforceable agreements and the setting back of interests.

Conclusions:

  • Payment for research participation may not undermine consent but can still be a form of coercion (coercion as subjection).
  • Proposes three practical responses to address concerns about the coerciveness of payment in research.
  • Offers a nuanced understanding of coercion in the context of research compensation.