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Related Concept Videos

Surveys02:16

Surveys

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Often, psychologists develop surveys as a means of gathering data. Surveys are lists of questions to be answered by research participants, and can be delivered as paper-and-pencil questionnaires, administered electronically, or conducted verbally. Generally, the survey itself can be completed in a short time, and the ease of administering a survey makes it easy to collect data from a large number of people.
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Introduction to Surveying, Plane Surveying and Geodetic Surveys01:27

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Surveying is the art and science of mapping the earth's surface. It involves measuring distances, angles in horizontal or vertical directions, and levels to understand the shape and size of land features. Surveying techniques are essential for various tasks, such as identifying the levels of a land area with reference to a specific point, and mapping undulations and water bodies.There are two main types of surveying: plane surveys and geodetic surveys. Plane surveys assume the earth is flat,...
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Surveys are essential for marking property boundaries near water bodies. Different types of surveys are defined, each with its own function. Land surveys mark the property boundaries, while route surveys determine the position of properties on nearby highways. Topographic surveys create maps by capturing the three-dimensional features of the land. Hydrographic surveys focus on the shapes of underwater areas and the movement of streams through the properties. Mine surveys determine the relative...
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Surveying near highways, rough terrain, or power lines involves significant risks. Working along highways is particularly dangerous and requires the use of warning signs and flagmen. It is safest to avoid working directly on roads and use offsets whenever possible. When highway work is unavoidable, it must follow all safety guidelines. Surveyors should wear bright clothing, such as orange reflective vests, to ensure visibility to motorists, coworkers, and hunters. In construction zones, wearing...
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Errors and Mistakes in Surveying01:19

Errors and Mistakes in Surveying

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Errors and mistakes in surveying refer to inaccuracies in measurements and data recording. The errors are deviations from the actual value caused by human sensory limitations, equipment flaws, or environmental effects. These errors are typically unintentional and can result from the inherent imperfections in the instruments used, atmospheric conditions, or the observer’s inability to perceive exact measurements. On the other hand, mistakes are caused by the surveyor's lack of...
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Internal Energy02:00

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The total of all possible kinds of energy present in a substance is called the internal energy (U), sometimes symbolized as E. Suppose a system with initial internal energy, Uinitial, undergoes a change in energy (transfer of work or heat), and the final internal energy of the system is Ufinal. Change in internal energy equals the difference between Ufinal and Uinitial.
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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jan 20, 2026

Methods for Image-based Surveys of Benthic Macroinvertebrates and Their Habitat Exemplified by the Drop Camera Survey for the Atlantic Sea Scallop
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Mammography Dose Survey Using International Quality Standards.

Soumaya Boujemaa1, Hilde Bosmans2, Farida Bentayeb1

  • 1Faculty of Sciences, University Mohammed V, Rabat, Morocco.

Journal of Medical Imaging and Radiation Sciences
|August 18, 2019
PubMed
Summary

Morocco

Keywords:
CDMAM phantomDigital mammographyPMMA phantomsimage qualitymean glandular dosepatient dosequality standards

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Area of Science:

  • Radiology and Medical Physics
  • Public Health
  • Oncology

Background:

  • Digital mammography is the standard for breast cancer screening.
  • Lack of dosimetric data and radiation concerns can hinder screening program implementation.
  • Morocco is developing breast cancer screening programs, necessitating quality standards.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To establish the first Moroccan mean glandular dose (MGD) for digital mammography.
  • To evaluate quality standards against European guidelines.
  • To correlate phantom and patient breast dose measurements.

Main Methods:

  • Dosimetric study using Dance's model for digital mammography.
  • Calculation of MGD for patient breasts and PMMA phantoms.
  • Analysis of radiographic factors and X-ray tube measurements.

Main Results:

  • Mean MGD for patients was 1.02 ± 0.5 mGy (average compressed breast thickness: 55 ± 14 mm).
  • For 50-60 mm compressed breast thickness, patient MGD was 0.94 ± 0.3 mGy; PMMA phantom dose was 1.33 mGy.
  • MGD results were below European guidelines' achievable limits and aligned with European average doses.

Conclusions:

  • Moroccan digital mammography doses are within European standards.
  • Further investigation is needed to optimize radiological practices nationwide.
  • Establishing quality standards supports the launch of breast cancer screening services in Morocco.