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Related Concept Videos

Molecular and Ionic Solids02:54

Molecular and Ionic Solids

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Crystalline solids are divided into four types: molecular, ionic, metallic, and covalent network based on the type of constituent units and their interparticle interactions.
Molecular Solids
Molecular crystalline solids, such as ice, sucrose (table sugar), and iodine, are solids that are composed of neutral molecules as their constituent units. These molecules are held together by weak intermolecular forces such as London dispersion forces, dipole-dipole interactions, or hydrogen bonds, which...
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Metallic solids such as crystals of copper, aluminum, and iron are formed by metal atoms. The structure of metallic crystals is often described as a uniform distribution of atomic nuclei within a “sea” of delocalized electrons. The atoms within such a metallic solid are held together by a unique force known as metallic bonding that gives rise to many useful and varied bulk properties.
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Structures of Solids02:22

Structures of Solids

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Solids in which the atoms, ions, or molecules are arranged in a definite repeating pattern are known as crystalline solids. Metals and ionic compounds typically form ordered, crystalline solids. A crystalline solid has a precise melting temperature because each atom or molecule of the same type is held in place with the same forces or energy. Amorphous solids or non-crystalline solids (or, sometimes, glasses) which lack an ordered internal structure and are randomly arranged. Substances that...
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Network Covalent Solids02:18

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Network covalent solids contain a three-dimensional network of covalently bonded atoms as found in the crystal structures of nonmetals like diamond, graphite, silicon, and some covalent compounds, such as silicon dioxide (sand) and silicon carbide (carborundum, the abrasive on sandpaper). Many minerals have networks of covalent bonds.
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Particles in a solid are tightly packed together (fixed shape) and often arranged in a regular pattern; in a liquid, they are close together with no regular arrangement (no fixed shape); in a gas, they are far apart with no regular arrangement (no fixed shape). Particles in a solid vibrate about fixed positions (cannot flow) and do not generally move in relation to one another; in a liquid, they move past each other (can flow) but remain in essentially constant contact; in a gas, they move...
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Cis-regulatory sequences are short fragments of non-coding DNA that are present on the same chromosomes as the genes that they regulate. These fragments serve as binding sites for transcriptional regulators, proteins that are responsible for controlling gene transcription and differential gene expression across cell types in eukaryotes. Cis-regulatory sequences can be close to the gene of interest or thousands of bases away in the DNA sequence; however, those sequences that are further away are...
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Nanopore DNA Sequencing for Metagenomic Soil Analysis
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Solid-state nanopores towards single-molecule DNA sequencing.

Yusuke Goto1, Rena Akahori2, Itaru Yanagi2

  • 1Center for Technology Innovation - Healthcare, Research & Development Group, Hitachi Ltd., 1-280 Higashi-Koigakubo, Kokubunji, Tokyo, 185-8601, Japan. yusuke.goto.bo@hitachi.com.

Journal of Human Genetics
|August 18, 2019
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Solid-state nanopore sequencing offers a robust alternative to protein nanopores for DNA sequencing. Ongoing research addresses challenges for advanced, high-throughput nucleotide detection and direct RNA sequencing applications.

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Area of Science:

  • Biotechnology
  • Nanotechnology
  • Genomics

Background:

  • Nanopore DNA sequencing, utilizing protein pores, enables long-read, high-throughput detection of nucleotide modifications and direct RNA sequencing.
  • Solid-state nanopores, fabricated from semiconductor materials, present an alternative with enhanced material robustness and on-chip electronic integration potential.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To review recent advancements in solid-state nanopore technologies for DNA sequencing.
  • To highlight the potential of solid-state nanopores to overcome limitations of biological nanopores.

Main Methods:

  • Review of recent research and technological updates in solid-state nanopore fabrication and application for DNA sequencing.
  • Discussion of challenges including nanopore size, membrane thickness, DNA translocation speed control, and nucleotide detection.

Main Results:

  • Solid-state nanopores offer superior material robustness and scalability compared to biological nanopores.
  • Significant research efforts over two decades have focused on overcoming key technical challenges in solid-state nanopore sequencing.

Conclusions:

  • Solid-state nanopore technology is a promising area for the future of DNA sequencing.
  • Emerging solid-state nanopore technologies are poised to revolutionize DNA sequencing capabilities.