Snakebite in domestic animals: First global scoping review

Area of Science:

• Veterinary Medicine
• Public Health
• Zoology

Background:

• Snakebite is a Neglected Tropical Disease causing substantial human mortality and disability annually.
• The impact on rural communities, particularly agricultural workers, extends to domestic animals and livelihoods.
• A One Health approach is crucial for a comprehensive understanding of snakebite's broader consequences.

Purpose of the Study:

• To conduct the first scoping review of global literature on snakebite in domestic animals.
• To identify and characterize existing research on snakebite incidence, species involved, and outcomes in animals.
• To highlight knowledge gaps concerning animal envenomation and its impact on community livelihoods.

Main Methods:

• Searched three major bibliographic databases (PubMed, Web of Science, Agricola) for relevant publications up to December 31st, 2016.
• Utilized search terms related to snakes, snakebite, and domestic animals.
• Two independent reviewers screened publications, extracted data, and analyzed findings.

Main Results:

• The review identified 143 publications, with 69% from North America, Europe, and Australia, and 31% from other regions.
• Studies predominantly focused on pets (78%) over livestock (22%), involving 34 snake species, frequently including WHO's Medically Important Venomous Snakes.
• Envenomation syndromes in animals mirrored human cases, with fatality rates exceeding 47% in livestock; no literature addressed indirect livelihood impacts.

Conclusions:

• Snakebite represents a significant, under-reported cause of mortality in domestic animals, with potential economic repercussions for affected communities.
• Major knowledge gaps exist regarding snakebite's impact on livestock and the indirect economic consequences on livelihoods.
• Further research is essential to fully grasp snakebite's burden and advocate for increased scientific, political, and public awareness.