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Related Concept Videos

What is Gene Expression?01:42

What is Gene Expression?

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Overview
Gene expression is the process in which DNA directs the synthesis of functional products, that is, proteins. Cells can regulate gene expression at various stages. It allows organisms to generate different cell types and enables cells to adapt to internal and external factors.
Genetic Information Flows from DNA to RNA to Protein
A gene is a stretch of DNA that serves as the blueprint for functional RNAs and proteins. Since DNA is made up of nucleotides and proteins consist of amino...
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What is Gene Expression?01:36

What is Gene Expression?

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A gene is a stretch of DNA that serves as the blueprint for functional RNAs and proteins. Since DNA is comprised  of nucleotides and proteins are comprised of amino acids, a mediator is required to convert the information encoded in DNA into proteins. This mediator is the messenger RNA (mRNA). mRNA copies the blueprint from DNA by a process called transcription. In eukaryotes, transcription occurs in the nucleus by complementary base-pairing with the DNA template. The mRNA is then...
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Cell Specific Gene Expression01:58

Cell Specific Gene Expression

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Multicellular organisms contain a variety of structurally and functionally distinct cell types, but the DNA in all the cells originated from the same parent cells. The differences in the cells can be attributed to the differential gene expression. Liver cells, whose functions include detoxification of blood, production of bile to metabolize fats, and synthesis of proteins essential for metabolism, must express a specific set of genes to perform their functions. Gene expression also varies with...
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Chromatin Position Affects Gene Expression02:35

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Chromatin is the massive complex of DNA and proteins packaged inside the nucleus. The complexity of chromatin folding and how it is packaged inside the nucleus greatly influences  access to genetic information. Generally, the nucleus' periphery is considered transcriptionally repressive, while the cell's interior is considered a transcriptionally active area. 
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mRNA Stability and Gene Expression02:51

mRNA Stability and Gene Expression

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The structure and stability of mRNA molecules regulates gene expression, as mRNAs are a key step in the pathway from gene to protein. In eukaryotes, the half-life of mRNA varies from a few minutes up to several days. mRNA stability is essential in growth and development. The absence of the proteins regulating its stability, such as tristetraprolin in mice, can cause systemic issues, including bone marrow overgrowth, inflammation, and autoimmunity.
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In vivo Application of the REMOTE-control System for the Manipulation of Endogenous Gene Expression
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Gene Expression Measurement Module (GEMM) for space application: Design and validation.

Kianoosh Peyvan1, Fathi Karouia2, John J Cooper1

  • 1Peyvan Systems Inc., Seattle, WA 98109, USA.

Life Sciences in Space Research
|August 19, 2019
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

A new Gene Expression Measurement Module (GEMM) enables in-situ gene expression analysis for microbes in space. This automated system provides reliable data, advancing space biology and terrestrial research.

Keywords:
Automated, miniaturized instrumentsGene Expression Measurement Module (GEMM)Gene expressionHigh-throughput biological instrumentsOmicsastrobiologybiotechnologyspace biology

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Area of Science:

  • Space Biology
  • Microfluidics
  • Molecular Biology

Background:

  • Studying the impact of the space environment on biological systems requires specialized instrumentation.
  • Existing laboratory protocols for gene expression analysis are not suitable for small, uncrewed spacecraft.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To develop and validate a prototype of the Gene Expression Measurement Module (GEMM).
  • To enable in-situ measurements of gene expression in microbial samples within a microfluidic system for space applications.

Main Methods:

  • Development of an automated, miniaturized, integrated fluidic system (GEMM) for sample preparation and analysis.
  • Modification of conventional laboratory protocols for cell lysis, RNA extraction/purification, hybridization, and electrochemical readout.
  • Biological validation using Synechococcus elongatus.

Main Results:

  • GEMM successfully performed automated cell lysis, RNA extraction, purification, hybridization, and electrochemical readout.
  • The instrument yielded reliable and reproducible gene expression profiles for Synechococcus elongatus.
  • GEMM demonstrated suitability for deployment on small, uncrewed spacecraft.

Conclusions:

  • GEMM is a novel, high-throughput instrument for in-situ gene expression analysis in space.
  • The system advances biological research capabilities on space platforms beyond the ISS.
  • GEMM has potential applications in terrestrial field research.