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Related Concept Videos

Coordination Number and Geometry02:57

Coordination Number and Geometry

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For transition metal complexes, the coordination number determines the geometry around the central metal ion. Table 1 compares coordination numbers to molecular geometry. The most common structures of the complexes in coordination compounds are octahedral, tetrahedral, and square planar.
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Lattice Centering and Coordination Number02:33

Lattice Centering and Coordination Number

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The structure of a crystalline solid, whether a metal or not, is best described by considering its simplest repeating unit, which is referred to as its unit cell. The unit cell consists of lattice points that represent the locations of atoms or ions. The entire structure then consists of this unit cell repeating in three dimensions. The three different types of unit cells present in the cubic lattice are illustrated in Figure 1.
Types of Unit Cells
Imagine taking a large number of identical...
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Coordination Compounds and Nomenclature02:54

Coordination Compounds and Nomenclature

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In most main group element compounds, the valence electrons of the isolated atoms combine to form chemical bonds that satisfy the octet rule. For instance, the four valence electrons of carbon overlap with electrons from four hydrogen atoms to form CH4. The one valence electron leaves sodium and adds to the seven valence electrons of chlorine to form the ionic formula unit NaCl (Figure 1a). Transition metals do not normally bond in this fashion. They primarily form coordinate covalent bonds, a...
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The Atomic Theory of Matter02:59

The Atomic Theory of Matter

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The earliest recorded discussion of the basic structure of matter comes from ancient Greek philosophers. Leucippus and Democritus argued that all matter was composed of small, finite particles that they called atomos, meaning “indivisible.” Later, Aristotle and others came to the conclusion that matter consisted of various combinations of the four “elements” — fire, earth, air, and water — and could be infinitely divided. Interestingly, these philosophers...
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Classifying Matter by Composition03:35

Classifying Matter by Composition

89.6K
Matter: Pure Substances and Mixtures
According to its composition, the matter can be classified into two broad categories — pure substances and mixtures. 
A pure substance is a form of matter that has a constant composition throughout with uniform properties. For example, any sample of sucrose has the same composition and same physical properties, such as melting point, color, and sweetness, regardless of the source from which it is isolated. 
A mixture is composed of two or...
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Classifying Matter by State02:49

Classifying Matter by State

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Chemistry is the study of matter and the changes it undergoes. Matter is anything that has mass and occupies space. Matter is all around us; the air, water, soil, mountains, even our bodies are all examples of matter. Matter is divided into three states — solid, liquid, and gas — that are commonly found on earth. The fourth state of matter, plasma, occurs naturally in the interiors of stars. 
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Updated: Jan 20, 2026

The Multiple Sclerosis Performance Test MSPT: An iPad-Based Disability Assessment Tool
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The Multiple Sclerosis Performance Test MSPT: An iPad-Based Disability Assessment Tool

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Localised grey matter atrophy in multiple sclerosis is network-based: a coordinate-based meta-analysis.

F L Chiang1, Q Wang2, F F Yu3

  • 1Department of Radiology, University of Texas Health Science Center at San Antonio, San Antonio, TX, USA; Research Imaging Institute, University of Texas Health Science Center at San Antonio, San Antonio, TX, USA.

Clinical Radiology
|August 19, 2019
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Multiple sclerosis causes grey matter atrophy in specific brain regions, which are functionally connected. This finding supports network degeneration and aids in developing new diagnostic and monitoring tools for MS.

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Comprehensive Autopsy Program for Individuals with Multiple Sclerosis
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Comprehensive Autopsy Program for Individuals with Multiple Sclerosis
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Area of Science:

  • Neuroscience
  • Neurology
  • Medical Imaging

Background:

  • Multiple Sclerosis (MS) is a chronic neurological disorder characterized by neuroinflammation and neurodegeneration.
  • The network degeneration hypothesis posits that MS pathology affects interconnected brain regions, leading to widespread functional deficits.
  • Understanding the pattern of grey matter (GM) atrophy is crucial for elucidating MS pathophysiology.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To investigate the regional selectivity of GM atrophy in MS using a two-stage coordinate-based meta-analysis.
  • To examine the functional connectivity between brain regions exhibiting GM atrophy in MS patients.

Main Methods:

  • A meta-analysis of 33 studies involving 1,666 MS patients and 1,269 healthy controls.
  • Voxel-based morphometry (VBM) data were analyzed using mass univariate and multivariate coordinate-based meta-analyses.
  • Anatomical likelihood estimation and functional meta-analytic connectivity modeling were employed to identify atrophy patterns and functional connectivity.

Main Results:

  • Localized GM atrophy was identified in key brain regions including the thalamus, putamen, caudate, sensorimotor cortex, insula, superior temporal gyrus, and cingulate gyrus.
  • A significant pattern of inter-regional functional co-activations was observed among the regions with GM atrophy.
  • These findings support the network degeneration hypothesis in MS.

Conclusions:

  • Grey matter atrophy in MS is regionally selective and affects functionally interconnected brain areas.
  • The identified patterns of atrophy and connectivity provide a basis for developing quantitative neuroimaging markers.
  • These markers can potentially aid in MS diagnosis, disease progression assessment, and treatment monitoring.