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Related Concept Videos

Alkyl Halides02:45

Alkyl Halides

19.6K
Structural Properties
Alkyl halides are halogen-substituted alkanes wherein one or more hydrogen atoms of an alkane is replaced by a halogen atom such as fluorine, chlorine, bromine, or iodine. The carbon atom in an alkyl halide is bonded to the halogen atom, which is sp3-hybridized and exhibits a tetrahedral shape.
Unlike alkyl halides, compounds in which a halogen atom is bonded to an sp2 -hybridized carbon atom of a carbon-carbon double bond (C=C) are called vinyl halides. Whereas aryl...
19.6K
Acid Halides to Esters: Alcoholysis01:12

Acid Halides to Esters: Alcoholysis

3.9K
Alcoholysis is a nucleophilic acyl substitution reaction in which an alcohol functions as a nucleophile. Acid halides react with alcohol to produce esters. The mechanism proceeds in three steps:
3.9K
Acid Halides to Carboxylic Acids: Hydrolysis01:01

Acid Halides to Carboxylic Acids: Hydrolysis

3.5K
Hydrolysis of acid halides is a nucleophilic acyl substitution reaction in which acid halides react with water to give carboxylic acids. The reaction occurs readily and does not require acid or a base catalyst.
As shown below, the mechanism involves a nucleophilic attack by water at the carbonyl carbon to form a tetrahedral intermediate. This is followed by the reformation of the carbon–oxygen π bond along with the departure of a halide ion. A final proton transfer step yields carboxylic...
3.5K
Mass Spectrometry: Alkyl Halide Fragmentation01:22

Mass Spectrometry: Alkyl Halide Fragmentation

1.5K
Chlorine isotopes exist as 35Cl and 37Cl in a 3:1 ratio, while bromine isotopes exist as 79Br and 81Br in a 1:1 ratio. The mass spectrum of alkyl halides typically produces two distinct molecular ion peaks, the molecular ion peak, [M], and the molecular ion plus two, [M + 2] peak. The relative heights of these two peaks are proportional to the isotopic abundance ratios of the halide. For example, 2‐chloropropane and 1‐bromopropane display two peaks with relative peak heights in a 3:1 and...
1.5K
Lumber Defects01:23

Lumber Defects

486
Lumber defects, which can affect both the appearance and structural integrity of wood, include a variety of growth and manufacturing flaws. Growth defects such as knots and knotholes occur where branches were once attached to the tree trunk, with knotholes forming when these knots fall out. Other natural defects include decay and insect damage, which compromise the wood's strength and durability.
Shakes are minor fractures that run along or across the wood's annual rings, while wane is...
486
Acid Halides to Amides: Aminolysis01:07

Acid Halides to Amides: Aminolysis

4.2K
Aminolysis is a nucleophilic acyl substitution reaction, where ammonia or amines act as nucleophiles to give the substitution product. Acid halides react with ammonia, primary amines, and secondary amines to yield primary, secondary, and tertiary amides, respectively.
In the first step of the aminolysis mechanism, the amine attacks the carbonyl carbon of the acyl chloride to form a tetrahedral intermediate. In the second step, the carbonyl group is re-formed with the elimination of a chloride...
4.2K

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Updated: Jan 20, 2026

Facile Synthesis of Colloidal Lead Halide Perovskite Nanoplatelets via Ligand-Assisted Reprecipitation
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Facile Synthesis of Colloidal Lead Halide Perovskite Nanoplatelets via Ligand-Assisted Reprecipitation

Published on: October 1, 2019

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Defect Activity in Lead Halide Perovskites.

Silvia G Motti1, Daniele Meggiolaro2,3,4, Samuele Martani1,5

  • 1Center for Nano Science and Technology @PoliMi, Istituto Italiano di Tecnologia, via G. Pascoli 70/3, 20133, Milan, Italy.

Advanced Materials (Deerfield Beach, Fla.)
|August 20, 2019
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Metal-halide perovskite semiconductors have soft structures leading to defects. Understanding defect photochemistry through theory and experiments is key to predicting and engineering reliable perovskite devices.

Keywords:
defectsmetal halide perovskitesperovskite solar cellsphotochemistry

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Low Pressure Vapor-assisted Solution Process for Tunable Band Gap Pinhole-free Methylammonium Lead Halide Perovskite Films
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Inkjet Printing All Inorganic Halide Perovskite Inks for Photovoltaic Applications
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Low Pressure Vapor-assisted Solution Process for Tunable Band Gap Pinhole-free Methylammonium Lead Halide Perovskite Films
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Inkjet Printing All Inorganic Halide Perovskite Inks for Photovoltaic Applications
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Area of Science:

  • Materials Science
  • Solid-State Physics
  • Photochemistry

Background:

  • Metal-halide perovskites exhibit unique "soft" fluctuating structures due to diverse chemical interactions.
  • These structures are inherently prone to a wide range of crystallographic defects.
  • Defects significantly influence the optoelectronic properties and stability of perovskite materials.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To summarize the current understanding of defect nature and photochemistry in metal-halide perovskites.
  • To elucidate the relationship between defect activity and macroscopic material/device properties.
  • To identify open questions for advancing the prediction and engineering of reliable perovskite devices.

Main Methods:

  • Leveraging cooperative action between density functional theory (DFT) investigations and precise experimental design.
  • Analyzing the photochemistry of defects within the perovskite lattice.
  • Correlating defect characteristics with observed material and device performance.

Main Results:

  • Defect activity is identified as a critical determinant of macroscopic properties in metal-halide perovskite semiconductors.
  • A comprehensive understanding of defect nature and photochemistry has been achieved through integrated theoretical and experimental approaches.
  • The study highlights how specific defect behaviors impact device functionality.

Conclusions:

  • Knowledge of defect photochemistry is essential for controlling the properties of metal-halide perovskites.
  • Engineering reliable perovskite devices necessitates an educated prediction of their operational behavior.
  • Further research into open questions will pave the way for advanced device design and stability.