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Related Concept Videos

Quantum Numbers02:43

Quantum Numbers

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It is said that the energy of an electron in an atom is quantized; that is, it can be equal only to certain specific values and can jump from one energy level to another but not transition smoothly or stay between these levels.
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The Quantum-Mechanical Model of an Atom02:45

The Quantum-Mechanical Model of an Atom

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Shortly after de Broglie published his ideas that the electron in a hydrogen atom could be better thought of as being a circular standing wave instead of a particle moving in quantized circular orbits, Erwin Schrödinger extended de Broglie’s work by deriving what is now known as the Schrödinger equation. When Schrödinger applied his equation to hydrogen-like atoms, he was able to reproduce Bohr’s expression for the energy and, thus, the Rydberg formula governing hydrogen spectra.
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Electron Affinity03:07

Electron Affinity

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The electron affinity (EA) is the energy change for adding an electron to a gaseous atom to form an anion (negative ion).
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Gas Exchange and Transport01:20

Gas Exchange and Transport

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Gas exchange, the intake of molecular oxygen (O2) from the environment and the outflow of carbon dioxide (CO2) into the environment, is necessary for cellular function. Gas exchange during respiration occurs largely via the movement of gas molecules along pressure gradients. Gas travels from areas of higher partial pressure to areas of lower partial pressure. In mammals, gas exchange occurs in the alveoli of the lungs, which are adjacent to capillaries and share a membrane with them.
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Kinetic Molecular Theory and Gas Laws Explain Properties of Gas Molecules02:34

Kinetic Molecular Theory and Gas Laws Explain Properties of Gas Molecules

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The test of the kinetic molecular theory (KMT) and its postulates is its ability to explain and describe the behavior of a gas. The various gas laws (Boyle’s, Charles’s, Gay-Lussac’s, Avogadro’s, and Dalton’s laws) can be derived from the assumptions of the KMT, which have led chemists to believe that the assumptions of the theory accurately represent the properties of gas molecules.
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Gas Laws: Boyle's, Gay-Lussac, Charles', Avogadro's, and Ideal Gas Law03:19

Gas Laws: Boyle's, Gay-Lussac, Charles', Avogadro's, and Ideal Gas Law

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Through experiments, scientists established the mathematical relationships between pairs of variables, such as pressure and temperature, pressure and volume, volume and temperature, and volume and moles, that hold for an ideal gas.
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Related Experiment Video

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Scalable Quantum Integrated Circuits on Superconducting Two-Dimensional Electron Gas Platform
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Scalable Quantum Integrated Circuits on Superconducting Two-Dimensional Electron Gas Platform

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Scalable Quantum Integrated Circuits on Superconducting Two-Dimensional Electron Gas Platform.

Kaveh Delfanazari1, Pengcheng Ma2, Reuben Puddy2

  • 1Centre for Advanced Photonics and Electronics, Engineering Department, University of Cambridge; Department of Physics, Cavendish Laboratory, University of Cambridge; kd398@cam.ac.uk.

Journal of Visualized Experiments : Jove
|August 20, 2019
PubMed
Summary

We demonstrate proximity-induced superconductivity in hybrid superconductor-semiconductor junctions using a 2D electron gas. Shorter Josephson junctions fabricated with e-beam lithography show enhanced superconducting properties at higher temperatures, paving the way for quantum computing.

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Area of Science:

  • Condensed Matter Physics
  • Quantum Information Science
  • Materials Science

Background:

  • Coherent quantum transport in hybrid superconductor-semiconductor (S-Sm) junctions requires homogeneous, barrier-free interfaces for observing induced superconducting gaps.
  • High interface transparency is crucial for accessing topological phases and exotic quasiparticles like Majorana zero modes (MZM).
  • Advanced material platforms are needed for complex geometries in quantum processing and computing.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To introduce and investigate a two-dimensional (2D) material system for proximity-induced superconductivity in a semiconducting 2D electron gas (2DEG).
  • To realize hybrid quantum integrated circuits (QICs) based on Nb-In0.75Ga0.25As-Nb Josephson junctions (JJs).
  • To explore the impact of fabrication methods on superconducting properties for scalable quantum circuitry.

Main Methods:

  • Fabrication of Nb-In0.75Ga0.25As-Nb Josephson junctions (JJs) using photolithography (long junctions) and e-beam lithography (short junctions).
  • Characterization of coherent quantum transport in the 2DEG as a function of temperature and magnetic field (B).
  • Utilizing a 30 nm In0.75Ga0.25As quantum well within an In0.75Al0.25As heterostructure.

Main Results:

  • Proximity-induced superconducting properties were observed in the In0.75Ga0.25As 2DEG for both fabrication approaches.
  • E-beam lithographically patterned short JJs exhibited induced superconducting gaps at significantly higher temperatures compared to photolithographically fabricated long JJs.
  • Reproducible and clean experimental results were obtained, indicating the viability of the material platform.

Conclusions:

  • The hybrid 2D Josephson junctions and QICs based on In0.75Ga0.25As quantum wells show promise as a material platform.
  • This platform is suitable for realizing complex and scalable electronic and photonic quantum circuitry and devices.
  • The findings highlight the potential for advancing quantum computing and information processing technologies.