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Related Concept Videos

Harmonic Mean01:09

Harmonic Mean

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The arithmetic mean is usually skewed towards the larger values in the data set. Therefore, to avoid this inherent bias towards smaller values, the harmonic mean is used.
Take the example of the speed of a car, which is the measure of the rate of distance traveled. If the vehicle traverses the same distance back-and-forth, its average speed equals the total distance traveled divided by the total time taken. However, if the car moves with varying speeds, then the arithmetic mean is more skewed...
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Beams are integral components of structural engineering and construction, designed to support loads applied at various points along their length. These long, straight members can be classified based on geometry, cross-section, support type, and equilibrium condition.
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To determine the energy of a simple harmonic oscillator, consider all the forms of energy it can have during its simple harmonic motion. According to Hooke's Law, the energy stored during the compression/stretching of a string in a simple harmonic oscillator is potential energy. As the simple harmonic oscillator has no dissipative forces, it also possesses kinetic energy. In the presence of conservative forces, both energies can interconvert during oscillation, but the total energy remains...
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Simple Harmonic Motion01:21

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Simple harmonic motion is the name given to oscillatory motion for a system where the net force can be described by Hooke's law. If the net force can be described by Hooke's law and there is no damping (by friction or other non-conservative forces), then a simple harmonic oscillator will oscillate with equal displacement on either side of the equilibrium position. To derive an equation for period and frequency, the equation of motion is used. The period of a simple harmonic oscillator is given...
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During most eukaryotic translation processes, the small 40S ribosome subunit scans an mRNA from its 5' end until it encounters the first start AUG codon. The large 60S ribosomal subunit then joins the smaller one to initiate protein synthesis. The location of the translation initiation is largely determined by the nucleotides near the start codon as there may be multiple translation initiation sites present on the mRNA.  Marilyn Kozak discovered that the sequence RCCAUGG (where R...
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The key characteristic of the simple harmonic motion is that the acceleration of the system and, therefore, the net force are proportional to the displacement and act in the opposite direction to the displacement. Additionally, the period and frequency of a simple harmonic oscillator are independent of its amplitude. For example, diving boards move faster or slower based on their thickness. A stiff, thick diving board has a large force constant, which causes it to have a smaller period, while a...
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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jan 20, 2026

Single-Digit Nanometer Electron-Beam Lithography with an Aberration-Corrected Scanning Transmission Electron Microscope
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A Low-Cost Beam-Scanning Second Harmonic Generation Microscope with Application for Agrochemical Development and

Benjamin A Grubbs1, Nicholas P Etter1, Wesley E Slaughter1

  • 1Department of Chemistry , Wabash College , Crawfordsville , Indiana 47933 , United States.

Analytical Chemistry
|August 20, 2019
PubMed
Summary

A new, affordable second harmonic generation (SHG) microscope images agrochemicals on crop leaves. This technology reveals active ingredient crystallization directly on plant surfaces, aiding pesticide development for better crop yields.

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Area of Science:

  • Agricultural Science
  • Microscopy
  • Materials Science

Background:

  • Accurate imaging of agrochemicals on plant surfaces is crucial for optimizing pesticide efficacy and agricultural output.
  • Existing second harmonic generation (SHG) microscopy systems are often costly and complex, limiting their widespread adoption in agricultural research.
  • Direct, in-situ analysis of agrochemical behavior on crop leaves is needed to understand formulation performance.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To develop and validate a low-cost SHG microscope for direct imaging of agrochemicals on crop leaves.
  • To investigate the crystallization of active ingredients on various plant surfaces and under different application methods.
  • To assess the influence of substrate and plant species on agrochemical crystallization and formulation performance.

Main Methods:

  • Construction of a cost-effective SHG microscope using a femtosecond fiber laser, galvanometer mirrors, and a digital oscilloscope (under $40,000 USD).
  • Imaging of agrochemical active ingredient crystallization on soybean, maize, and wheatgrass leaves at low concentrations (<0.05% w/w).
  • Real-time monitoring of crystallization kinetics and comparison of crystal habits on different plant species and substrates (leaves vs. glass slides).

Main Results:

  • Successful background-free SHG imaging of agrochemicals directly on common crop leaves was achieved.
  • Active ingredient crystallization was observed in real-time, with variations noted based on application method (spraying vs. droplet deposition).
  • Agrochemical crystallization showed a strong substrate dependency, with higher crystallization tendency on leaves compared to glass slides, and varied crystal habits across plant species.

Conclusions:

  • The developed low-cost SHG microscope provides a viable tool for direct, in-situ diagnostics of agrochemicals on plant surfaces.
  • Understanding substrate-dependent crystallization is essential for designing effective agrochemical formulations.
  • This technology can inform the development of next-generation pesticides to enhance agricultural productivity.