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    Virtual cues in Spatial Augmented Reality (SAR) enhance collaboration by improving accuracy and reducing mental effort, especially with single collaborators. However, too many virtual cues can increase cognitive load.

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    Area of Science:

    • Human-Computer Interaction
    • Augmented Reality Systems
    • Collaborative Virtual Environments

    Background:

    • Spatial Augmented Reality (SAR) systems integrate Extended Reality (xR) for collaboration.
    • Current SAR collaboration methods rely on first-person views, creating a disconnect between physical and virtual user experiences.
    • Effective spatial awareness cues are needed to bridge this gap.

    Purpose of the Study:

    • To develop and evaluate an egocentric spatial-communication taxonomy for SAR.
    • To investigate the impact of different spatial cues on collaboration, spatial awareness, and user experience.
    • To identify optimal cue designs for various collaboration scenarios.

    Main Methods:

    • A taxonomy based on cue attachment (physical/virtual) and animation (local/world) was established.
    • Four egocentric cues (arrow, path, glow, radial) and one exocentric visualization were developed and tested.
    • User performance, accuracy, mental effort, and preference were measured in different collaboration conditions.

    Main Results:

    • Virtual attachment cues demonstrated superior accuracy, performance during occlusion, and reduced mental effort with single collaborators.
    • Multiple collaborators led to increased mental load and decreased preference with virtual, world-animated cues due to visual clutter.
    • Exocentric visualization resulted in more head movement and lower accuracy, but was positively received qualitatively.

    Conclusions:

    • Virtual attachment cues are effective for SAR collaboration, particularly for single collaborators.
    • Visual clutter from multiple virtual cues negatively impacts user experience and performance.
    • Further research into optimizing cue design and visualization is necessary for effective multi-user SAR collaboration.