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Related Concept Videos

Cancer-Critical Genes I: Proto-oncogenes01:33

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Genes usually encode proteins necessary for the proper functioning of a healthy cell. Mutations can often cause changes to the gene expression pattern, thereby altering the phenotype.
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Such genes that act...
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The targeted cancer therapies, also known as “molecular targeted therapies,” take advantage of the molecular and genetic differences between the cancer cells and the normal cells. It needs a thorough understanding of the cancer cells to develop drugs that can target specific molecular aspects that drive the growth, progression, and spread of cancer cells without affecting the growth and survival of other normal cells in the body.
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Drugs target macromolecules to modify ongoing cellular processes. Primary drug targets include receptors, ion channels, transporters, and enzymes.
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PIWI-interacting RNAs, or piRNAs, are the most abundant short non-coding RNAs. More than 20,000 genes have been found in humans that code for piRNAs while only 2000 genes have been found for miRNAs. piRNAs can act at the transcriptional and post-transcriptional levels and have a vital role in silencing transposable elements present in germ cells. They are also involved in epigenetic silencing and activation. Previously, they were thought to function only in germ cells but new evidence suggests...
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Researchers have tested many persuasion strategies, including the foot-in-the door and the door-in-the-face techniques, in a variety of contexts. Ultimately, the principles are effective in selling products and changing people’s attitude, ideas, and behaviors (Cialdini & Goldstein, 2004).
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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jan 20, 2026

Oncogene Expression Analysis with Alterations in pH in a Pancreatic Ductal Cell Line
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Targeting Oncogenic BRAF: Past, Present, and Future.

Aubhishek Zaman1,2, Wei Wu1,2, Trever G Bivona3,4

  • 1Department of Medicine, University of California, San Francisco, CA 94143, USA.

Cancers
|August 21, 2019
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Targeted BRAF kinase inhibitors treat BRAF-driven cancers, but resistance develops. This review explores BRAF mutations, resistance mechanisms, and strategies to overcome them for improved cancer therapy.

Keywords:
BRAFdrug resistanceoncogeneprecision medicinetargeted therapy

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Area of Science:

  • Oncology
  • Molecular Biology
  • Pharmacology

Background:

  • BRAF alterations drive specific cancers, leading to precision medicine approaches.
  • Targeted BRAF inhibitors are effective but face inevitable therapeutic resistance.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To review BRAF biology in both normal and mutated states.
  • To outline current and emerging therapeutic strategies for BRAF-driven tumors.
  • To discuss mechanisms of resistance to BRAF-targeted therapies.

Main Methods:

  • Literature review of BRAF biology and targeted therapies.
  • Analysis of resistance mechanisms in BRAF-mutant cancers.
  • Exploration of novel therapeutic strategies.

Main Results:

  • Predominant BRAF mutations and their role in cancer identified.
  • Common resistance mechanisms, including tumor heterogeneity, are highlighted.
  • Promising therapeutic approaches to overcome resistance are discussed.

Conclusions:

  • Understanding BRAF biology and resistance is crucial for effective cancer treatment.
  • Developing strategies to overcome resistance can improve long-term control of BRAF-driven tumors.
  • Integrated knowledge can lead to more preemptive and effective therapeutic interventions.