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Area of Science:

  • Atmospheric Science
  • Environmental Science
  • Air Quality Research

Background:

  • The Indo-Gangetic Plain (IGP) faces severe air pollution challenges, particularly during festival seasons.
  • Diwali festival celebrations involve intensive pyrotechnic displays, releasing significant amounts of particulate matter and gases.
  • Understanding submicron particle evolution during such events is crucial for assessing air quality impacts.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To investigate the evolution of submicron particles during Diwali pyrotechnic displays in Varanasi.
  • To analyze particle number concentration, size distribution, black carbon (BC), and ionic composition.
  • To understand new particle formation and growth dynamics influenced by firework emissions.

Main Methods:

  • Utilized a scanning mobility particle sizer (SMPS) and optical particle sizer (OPS) for submicron particle analysis.
  • Measured particle number concentration and mobility-equivalent diameter.
  • Simultaneously monitored black carbon concentration and aerosol ionic composition.

Main Results:

  • Observed frequent fluctuations in particle number concentration, with distinct peaks coinciding with firework emissions (18:00-23:00 h).
  • Submicron particle size distribution showed a primary peak at 80-130 nm, indicating ultrafine particle emission (< 0.1 μm).
  • Identified new particle formation events with increased nucleation and Aitken modes during peak firework emissions, alongside accumulation mode growth.

Conclusions:

  • Diwali pyrotechnics significantly influence submicron particle dynamics, promoting new particle formation and altering size distributions.
  • Black carbon concentrations exhibited a diurnal pattern with a nocturnal peak, slightly elevated during firework events.
  • Changes in ionic composition suggest heterogeneous transformation of NOx and catalytic conversion of SO2, linked to pyrotechnic emissions.