Jove
Visualize
Contact Us
JoVE
x logofacebook logolinkedin logoyoutube logo
ABOUT JoVE
OverviewLeadershipBlogJoVE Help Center
AUTHORS
Publishing ProcessEditorial BoardScope & PoliciesPeer ReviewFAQSubmit
LIBRARIANS
TestimonialsSubscriptionsAccessResourcesLibrary Advisory BoardFAQ
RESEARCH
JoVE JournalMethods CollectionsJoVE Encyclopedia of ExperimentsArchive
EDUCATION
JoVE CoreJoVE BusinessJoVE Science EducationJoVE Lab ManualFaculty Resource CenterFaculty Site
Terms & Conditions of Use
Privacy Policy
Policies

Related Concept Videos

Determining the pH of Salt Solutions04:08

Determining the pH of Salt Solutions

46.9K
The pH of a salt solution is determined by its component anions and cations. Salts that contain pH-neutral anions and the hydronium ion-producing cations form a solution with a pH less than 7. For example, in ammonium nitrate (NH4NO3) solution, NO3− ions do not react with water whereas NH4+ ions produce the hydronium ions resulting in the acidic solution.  In contrast, salts that contain pH-neutral cations and the hydroxide ion-producing anions form a solution with a pH greater than 7. For...
46.9K
Responses to Salt Stress02:02

Responses to Salt Stress

14.5K
Salt stress—which can be triggered by high salt concentrations in a plant’s environment—can significantly affect plant growth and crop production by influencing photosynthesis and the absorption of water and nutrients.
14.5K
Electrostatic Boundary Conditions01:16

Electrostatic Boundary Conditions

939
Consider an external electric field propagating through a homogeneous medium. When the electric field crosses the surface boundary of the medium, it undergoes a discontinuity. The electric field can be resolved into normal and tangential components. The amount by which the field changes at any boundary is given by the difference between the field components above and below the surface boundary.
The surface integral of an electric field is given by Gauss's law in integral form and is related to...
939
Electrostatic Boundary Conditions in Dielectrics01:27

Electrostatic Boundary Conditions in Dielectrics

1.9K
When an electric field passes from one homogeneous medium to another, crossing the boundary between the two mediums imparts a discontinuity in the electric field. This results in electrostatic boundary conditions that depend on the type of mediums the field propagates through.
Consider a case where both the mediums across a boundary are two different dielectric materials. Recall that the electric field and electric displacement are proportional and related through the material's permittivity....
1.9K
Ligand-Gated Ion Channel Receptor: Gating Mechanism01:30

Ligand-Gated Ion Channel Receptor: Gating Mechanism

3.8K
Ligand-gated ion channels are transmembrane proteins that play a vital role in intercellular communication and functions of the nervous system. They allow the influx of ions across the membrane once the neurotransmitter binds, allowing the subsequent transmission of electrical excitation across the neurons. Other ligand-gated ion channels, like the γ-aminobutyric acid (GABA) receptor, permit anions like chloride into the cells on the binding of the GABA molecule. Their entry into the cell...
3.8K
Underflow Gates01:30

Underflow Gates

371
Underflow gates are vital for controlling water flow in irrigation canals. The three main types of underflow gates — vertical, radial, and drum gates — serve different purposes while ensuring effective flow management. Vertical gates move up and down, generating a free-flowing water jet; radial gates pivot to regulate the flow; and drum gates rotate for precise adjustments. The flow through these gates is influenced by downstream conditions, resulting in free or drowned outflow.Free and...
371

You might also read

Related Articles

Articles linked to this work by shared authors, journal, and citation graph.

Sort by
Same author

Flash-Infrared-Annealing-Enabled High-Temperature Sintering of Photoanodes on Flexible Polymer Foils for Ultralight Photovoltaics.

ACS energy letters·2026
Same author

Scalable nanopatterning of organic light-emitting diodes beyond the diffraction limit.

Nature photonics·2026
Same author

Tailored PEDOT:PSS phase segregation for high-efficiency flexible all-perovskite tandem solar cells and mini-modules.

Nature communications·2025
Same author

Plasmon-Driven Dimerization Reveals the Propagation Length of Surface Plasmon Polaritons.

Nano letters·2025
Same author

From Molecules to Machines: A Multiscale Roadmap to Intelligent, Multifunctional Soft Robotics.

Chemical reviews·2025
Same author

Strong repulsive Lifshitz-van der Waals forces on suspended graphene.

Nature communications·2025

Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jan 20, 2026

Development and Functionalization of Electrolyte-Gated Graphene Field-Effect Transistor for Biomarker Detection
07:51

Development and Functionalization of Electrolyte-Gated Graphene Field-Effect Transistor for Biomarker Detection

Published on: February 1, 2022

3.8K

Macroscopic Salt Rejection through Electrostatically Gated Nanoporous Graphene.

Roman M Wyss1, Tian Tian2, Khadija Yazda3

  • 1Soft Materials, Department of Materials , Eidgenössische Technische Hochschule (ETH) Zürich , Vladimir-Prelog-Weg 1-5 , Zürich CH-8093, Switzerland.

Nano Letters
|August 21, 2019
PubMed
Summary

Electrostatic gating of porous graphene membranes unexpectedly enhances salt rejection by controlling ion transport. This discovery offers a new method for regulating fluid flow in advanced materials.

Keywords:
Nanoporous graphenefinite element modelinggatingquantum capacitancesalt rejection

More Related Videos

Fabrication of Gate-tunable Graphene Devices for Scanning Tunneling Microscopy Studies with Coulomb Impurities
11:42

Fabrication of Gate-tunable Graphene Devices for Scanning Tunneling Microscopy Studies with Coulomb Impurities

Published on: July 24, 2015

16.0K
Fine-tuning the Size and Minimizing the Noise of Solid-state Nanopores
09:43

Fine-tuning the Size and Minimizing the Noise of Solid-state Nanopores

Published on: October 31, 2013

14.1K

Related Experiment Videos

Last Updated: Jan 20, 2026

Development and Functionalization of Electrolyte-Gated Graphene Field-Effect Transistor for Biomarker Detection
07:51

Development and Functionalization of Electrolyte-Gated Graphene Field-Effect Transistor for Biomarker Detection

Published on: February 1, 2022

3.8K
Fabrication of Gate-tunable Graphene Devices for Scanning Tunneling Microscopy Studies with Coulomb Impurities
11:42

Fabrication of Gate-tunable Graphene Devices for Scanning Tunneling Microscopy Studies with Coulomb Impurities

Published on: July 24, 2015

16.0K
Fine-tuning the Size and Minimizing the Noise of Solid-state Nanopores
09:43

Fine-tuning the Size and Minimizing the Noise of Solid-state Nanopores

Published on: October 31, 2013

14.1K

Area of Science:

  • Materials Science
  • Nanotechnology
  • Electrochemistry

Background:

  • Atomically thin porous graphene shows promise for next-generation membranes due to high permeation.
  • Achieving selective transport typically requires precise pore size control, limiting scalability.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To investigate electrolyte permeation and salt rejection in large-area porous graphene with relatively large pores (20 ± 10 nm).
  • To explore the mechanism of salt rejection using electrostatic gating and develop a theoretical model.

Main Methods:

  • Studied electrolyte permeation through porous graphene membranes under electrostatic gating.
  • Systematically varied salt concentration and species.
  • Developed a theoretical model for electrolyte diffusion through gated nanopores.

Main Results:

  • Observed significant salt rejection (up to 1 order of magnitude reduction in diffusive flux) via electrostatic gating.
  • Demonstrated that graphene quantum capacitance and electrical double layer interplay creates voltage-dependent barriers.
  • Showed selective modulation of anionic and cationic transport paths when pore size is comparable to Debye length.

Conclusions:

  • Electrostatic gating provides a novel method to regulate electrolyte permeation in porous 2D materials, complementing pore size engineering.
  • This approach offers a new degree of freedom for designing advanced membranes with tunable selectivity.