Jove
Visualize
Contact Us
JoVE
x logofacebook logolinkedin logoyoutube logo
ABOUT JoVE
OverviewLeadershipBlogJoVE Help Center
AUTHORS
Publishing ProcessEditorial BoardScope & PoliciesPeer ReviewFAQSubmit
LIBRARIANS
TestimonialsSubscriptionsAccessResourcesLibrary Advisory BoardFAQ
RESEARCH
JoVE JournalMethods CollectionsJoVE Encyclopedia of ExperimentsArchive
EDUCATION
JoVE CoreJoVE BusinessJoVE Science EducationJoVE Lab ManualFaculty Resource CenterFaculty Site
Terms & Conditions of Use
Privacy Policy
Policies

Related Concept Videos

The Evidence for Evolution02:55

The Evidence for Evolution

47.7K
Genetic variations accumulating within populations over generations give rise to biological evolution. Evolutionary changes can result in the formation of novel varieties and entire new species. These changes are responsible for the diverse forms of life inhabiting the planet. The evidence for evolution suggests that all living organisms descended from common ancestors.
47.7K
Transfer Function to State Space01:23

Transfer Function to State Space

773
State-space representation is a powerful tool for simulating physical systems on digital computers, necessitating the conversion of the transfer function into state-space form. Consider an nth-order linear differential equation with constant coefficients, like those encountered in an RLC circuit. The state variables are selected as the output and its n−1 derivatives. Differentiating these variables and substituting them back into the original equation produces the state equations.
In an RLC...
773
State Space to Transfer Function01:21

State Space to Transfer Function

560
The conversion of state-space representation to a transfer function is a fundamental process in system analysis. It provides a method for transitioning from a time-domain description to a frequency-domain representation, which is crucial for simplifying the analysis and design of control systems.
The transformation process begins with the state-space representation, characterized by the state equation and the output equation. These equations are typically represented as:
560
Conservation of Protein Domains Over Different Proteins02:26

Conservation of Protein Domains Over Different Proteins

14.1K
Protein domains are small structurally independent units that are part of a single amino acid chain.  Although these domains are often structurally independent, they may rely on synergistic effects to perform their functions as part of a larger protein. Protein domains may be conserved within the same organism, as well as across different organisms.
A limited set of protein domains often duplicate and recombine during evolution. These domains can be organized in different combinations to...
14.1K
Convergent Evolution01:54

Convergent Evolution

31.4K
Evolution shapes the features of organisms over time, ensuring that they are suited for the environments in which they live. Sometimes, selection pressure leads to the rise of similar but unrelated adaptations in organisms with no recent common ancestors, a process known as convergent evolution.
31.4K
lncRNA - Long Non-coding RNAs02:39

lncRNA - Long Non-coding RNAs

9.8K
In humans, more than 80% of the genome gets transcribed. However, only around 2% of the genome codes for proteins. The remaining part produces non-coding RNAs which includes ribosomal RNAs, transfer RNAs, telomerase RNAs, and regulatory RNAs, among other types. A large number of regulatory non-coding RNAs have been classified into two groups depending upon their length – small non-coding RNAs, such as microRNA, which are less than 200 nucleotides in length, and long non-coding RNA...
9.8K

You might also read

Related Articles

Articles linked to this work by shared authors, journal, and citation graph.

Sort by
Same author

Pregnancy and Neonatal Outcomes Following Prenatal Exposure to Dolutegravir: Findings From the Antiretroviral Pregnancy Registry.

Journal of acquired immune deficiency syndromes (1999)·2026
Same author

Tandem-sgRNA Provides an Effective Reverse Genetic Approach for Suppression of <i>Streptomyces</i> Biosynthetic Gene Clusters and Secondary Metabolism.

ACS synthetic biology·2026
Same author

Correction to "AstraMEV (AI-Guided Structural Assembly of Multi-Epitope Vaccines) Against Infectious Bronchitis Virus".

Journal of chemical information and modeling·2026
Same author

Correction: Viral escape-inspired framework for structure-guided dual bait protein biosensor design.

PLoS computational biology·2026
Same author

When context matters: community and environmental context to elicit natural products.

Essays in biochemistry·2026
Same author

Dual-Targeting iRGD-Functionalized Pentablock Copolymer Nanosystem for miR-345-5p and Gemcitabine Delivery to Pancreatic Tumors.

ACS applied materials & interfaces·2026

Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jan 20, 2026

Mutagenesis and Functional Selection Protocols for Directed Evolution of Proteins in E. coli
09:01

Mutagenesis and Functional Selection Protocols for Directed Evolution of Proteins in E. coli

Published on: March 16, 2011

31.1K

Directed Evolution Reveals the Functional Sequence Space of an Adenylation Domain Specificity Code.

Kurt Throckmorton1, Vladimir Vinnik1, Ratul Chowdhury2

  • 1Department of Bacteriology , University of Wisconsin-Madison , Madison , Wisconsin 53706 , United States.

ACS Chemical Biology
|August 21, 2019
PubMed
Summary

Researchers identified a functional sequence space for l-Ser recognition in nonribosomal peptide synthetases (NRPSs), discovering 152 new specificity codes. This expands possibilities for altering NRPS products by overcoming previous limitations in specificity code swapping.

More Related Videos

In Vitro Directed Evolution of a Restriction Endonuclease with More Stringent Specificity
09:16

In Vitro Directed Evolution of a Restriction Endonuclease with More Stringent Specificity

Published on: March 25, 2020

7.7K
Targeted Labeling of Neurons in a Specific Functional Micro-domain of the Neocortex by Combining Intrinsic Signal and Two-photon Imaging
11:24

Targeted Labeling of Neurons in a Specific Functional Micro-domain of the Neocortex by Combining Intrinsic Signal and Two-photon Imaging

Published on: December 12, 2012

14.0K

Related Experiment Videos

Last Updated: Jan 20, 2026

Mutagenesis and Functional Selection Protocols for Directed Evolution of Proteins in E. coli
09:01

Mutagenesis and Functional Selection Protocols for Directed Evolution of Proteins in E. coli

Published on: March 16, 2011

31.1K
In Vitro Directed Evolution of a Restriction Endonuclease with More Stringent Specificity
09:16

In Vitro Directed Evolution of a Restriction Endonuclease with More Stringent Specificity

Published on: March 25, 2020

7.7K
Targeted Labeling of Neurons in a Specific Functional Micro-domain of the Neocortex by Combining Intrinsic Signal and Two-photon Imaging
11:24

Targeted Labeling of Neurons in a Specific Functional Micro-domain of the Neocortex by Combining Intrinsic Signal and Two-photon Imaging

Published on: December 12, 2012

14.0K

Area of Science:

  • Biochemistry
  • Molecular Biology
  • Natural Product Biosynthesis

Background:

  • Nonribosomal peptides are crucial natural products synthesized by nonribosomal peptide synthetases (NRPSs).
  • Adenylation (A) domains within NRPSs exhibit high substrate specificity, dictated by a 10-residue 'specificity code' in their binding pocket.
  • Attempts to modify nonribosomal peptides via specificity code swapping have largely failed due to broadened specificity or loss of function.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To deepen the understanding of A domain substrate selectivity.
  • To analyze the specificity code of the EntF A domain, involved in enterobactin biosynthesis in Escherichia coli.
  • To identify residues critical for strict specificity versus those tolerant of variation.

Main Methods:

  • Utilized directed evolution techniques.
  • Employed a genetic selection strategy.
  • Performed detailed analysis of the EntF A domain specificity code.

Main Results:

  • Determined which sites within the specificity code are strictly conserved and which allow for variation.
  • Demonstrated that l-Ser-specific A domains, including EntF, possess a functional sequence space for l-Ser recognition, not a single fixed code.
  • Discovered 152 novel l-Ser specificity codes, significantly expanding the known functional space.

Conclusions:

  • Established that a functional sequence space, rather than a singular code, governs l-Ser recognition in A domains.
  • Provided crucial insights into overcoming barriers to rational modification of A domain specificity.
  • Opened new avenues for engineering NRPSs to produce novel nonribosomal peptides.