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Related Concept Videos

Colloids03:22

Colloids

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Children at play often make suspensions such as mixtures of mud and water, flour and water, or a suspension of solid pigments in water known as tempera paint. These suspensions are heterogeneous mixtures composed of relatively large particles that are visible to the naked eye or can be seen with a magnifying glass. They are cloudy, and the suspended particles settle out after mixing. On the other hand, a solution is a homogeneous mixture in which no settling occurs and in which the dissolved...
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Salt stress—which can be triggered by high salt concentrations in a plant’s environment—can significantly affect plant growth and crop production by influencing photosynthesis and the absorption of water and nutrients.
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The pH of a salt solution is determined by its component anions and cations. Salts that contain pH-neutral anions and the hydronium ion-producing cations form a solution with a pH less than 7. For example, in ammonium nitrate (NH4NO3) solution, NO3− ions do not react with water whereas NH4+ ions produce the hydronium ions resulting in the acidic solution.  In contrast, salts that contain pH-neutral cations and the hydroxide ion-producing anions form a solution with a pH greater than 7. For...
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Factors Affecting Dissolution: Particle Size and Effective Surface Area01:23

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Dissolution kinetics, an essential aspect of oral drug delivery, is significantly influenced by the drug's particle size. According to the Noyes-Whitney dissolution model, the dissolution rate correlates directly with the drug's surface area. The larger the surface area, the higher the drug's solubility in water, leading to a faster drug dissolution rate. Reducing particle size increases the effective surface area, enhancing the dissolution process. Micronization and nanosizing are...
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Colloids and Suspensions01:17

Colloids and Suspensions

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Children at play often make suspensions such as mixtures of mud and water, flour and water, or a suspension of solid pigments in water known as tempera paint. These suspensions are heterogeneous mixtures composed of relatively large particles visible to the naked eye or seen with a magnifying glass. They are cloudy, and the suspended particles settle out after mixing. The suspended particles in a suspension settle out after some time of mixing. The separation of particles from a suspension is...
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Colloidal precipitates01:09

Colloidal precipitates

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The high insolubility of some precipitates can result in an unfavorable relative supersaturation. This can lead to colloidal particles with a large surface-to-mass ratio, where adsorption is promoted. For instance, in the precipitation of silver chloride, silver ions are adsorbed on the surface of the colloidal particles, forming a primary layer. This layer attracts ions of opposite charge (such as nitrate ions), forming a diffuse secondary layer of adsorbed ions. This electric double layer...
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Stabilizing Colloidal Particles against Salting-out by Shortening Surface Grafts.

G Kristin Jonsson1, Jeanette Ulama1, Rasmus A X Persson1

  • 1Department of Chemistry and Molecular Biology , University of Gothenburg , SE-41296 Göteborg , Sweden.

Langmuir : the ACS Journal of Surfaces and Colloids
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Summary

Shortening poly(ethylene glycol) (PEG) grafts on colloidal particles dramatically improves dispersion stability. Even single monomers provide significant stability against aggregation induced by electrolytes, unlike bare particles.

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Synthesis and Characterization of Supramolecular Colloids
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Area of Science:

  • Colloid and surface science
  • Polymer chemistry
  • Materials science

Background:

  • Colloidal dispersions rely on surface modifications for stability.
  • Poly(ethylene glycol) (PEG) is a common steric stabilizer.
  • Understanding the influence of stabilizer chain length on colloidal stability is crucial.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To investigate the impact of systematically shortening poly(ethylene glycol) (PEG) grafts on the stability of fluorinated latex colloidal dispersions.
  • To determine the relationship between PEG graft length and the threshold salt concentration for aggregation.
  • To elucidate the mechanism of colloidal destabilization in relation to surface wetting and polymer-solvent interactions.

Main Methods:

  • Preparation of fluorinated latex particles with varying lengths of grafted poly(ethylene glycol) (PEG).
  • Systematic addition of sodium carbonate (Na2CO3) electrolyte to induce aggregation.
  • Monitoring of colloidal dispersion stability as a function of salt concentration and PEG chain length.
  • Comparison with charge-stabilized dispersions without surface grafts.

Main Results:

  • Colloidal particle stability significantly improved as PEG graft length decreased from polymers to single monomers.
  • An electrolyte-induced aggregation threshold concentration was observed, independent of particle concentration.
  • Shorter PEG chains led to a sharp increase in the threshold salt concentration for aggregation.
  • Complete removal of surface grafts restored classical charge-stabilized dispersion behavior.

Conclusions:

  • The solvent's wetting behavior on particle surfaces, influenced by graft length, is critical for colloidal stability.
  • A simple model incorporating polymer-solvent interactions and electrolyte effects can explain the observed stability trends.
  • Even minimal surface coverage with PEG, down to single monomers, can drastically enhance colloidal dispersion stability against salting-out effects.