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Related Concept Videos

The Nucleus01:32

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The nucleus is a membrane-bound organelle that acts as a control center in a eukaryotic cell. It contains chromosomal DNA, which controls gene expression and precisely regulates the production of proteins within the cell. In contrast, the DNA inside the mitochondria and chloroplast only carries out functions that are specific to those organelles.
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Hormones—or any molecule that binds to a receptor, known as a ligand—that are lipid-insoluble (water-soluble) are not able to diffuse across the cell membrane. In order to be able to affect a cell without entering it, these hormones bind to receptors on the cell membrane. When a first messenger, a hormone, binds to a receptor, a signal cascade is set off, causing second messengers, proteins inside the cell, to become activated, resulting in downstream effects.
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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jan 20, 2026

A Lab-On-A-Chip Platform for Stimulating Osteocyte Mechanotransduction and Analyzing Functional Outcomes of Bone Remodeling
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Mechanotransduction: from the cell surface to the nucleus via RhoA.

Keith Burridge1, Elizabeth Monaghan-Benson1, David M Graham1

  • 1Department of Cell Biology and Physiology, and Lineberger Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, USA.

Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society of London. Series B, Biological Sciences
|August 22, 2019
PubMed
Summary

Cells sense and respond to mechanical forces through mechanotransduction. The nucleus and cell surface interactions regulate RhoA signaling, impacting cell mechanics and force response.

Keywords:
RhoAcell adhesion moleculescytoskeletonfibrosismechanotransductionnucleus

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Area of Science:

  • Cell Biology
  • Biophysics
  • Mechanobiology

Background:

  • Cells dynamically interact with their physical surroundings.
  • Mechanotransduction is the process by which physical forces are converted into biochemical signals.
  • Understanding these forces is crucial in fields like cancer biology.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To review key aspects of cellular mechanotransduction.
  • To explore the role of cell surface mechanotransduction in RhoA signaling.
  • To examine the nucleus's contribution to mechanotransduction and cellular mechanics.

Main Methods:

  • Focus on how cell surface forces regulate RhoA signaling via GEFs and GAPs.
  • Analysis of studies involving nucleus-cytoskeleton disconnection or enucleation.
  • Investigating the impact of these manipulations on RhoA activity and cell mechanical properties.

Main Results:

  • Cell surface forces modulate RhoA signaling through guanine nucleotide exchange factors (GEFs) and GTPase activating proteins (GAPs).
  • Disrupting the nucleus-cytoskeleton connection or removing the nucleus reduces active RhoA levels.
  • Altered RhoA activity impacts cellular mechanical properties, tension generation, and response to external forces.

Conclusions:

  • The nucleus and cell surface adhesion molecules are critical components of cellular mechanotransduction pathways.
  • RhoA signaling is a key mediator linking physical forces to cellular mechanical responses.
  • These findings have implications for understanding forces in cancer biology and tumor mechanobiology.