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Updated: Jan 20, 2026
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Quantitative Analysis by Thermogravimetry-Mass Spectrum Analysis for Reactions with Evolved Gases
Published on: October 29, 2018
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Autoimmune encephalitis and epilepsy: evolving definition and clinical spectrum
Joo Hee Seo1, Yun-Jin Lee1,2, Ki Hyeong Lee1
1Comprehensive Epilepsy Center, AdventHealth for Children, Orlando, FL, USA.
Clinical and Experimental Pediatrics
|August 22, 2019
Summary
Recent advances in autoimmune encephalitis research have identified new syndromes and biomarkers. This review aids clinicians in diagnosing and treating autoimmune encephalitis by detailing clinical and immunologic characteristics.
Area of Science:
- Neurology
- Immunology
- Neuroimmunology
Background:
- Autoimmune encephalitis (AE) diagnosis has evolved with new syndromes and biomarkers.
- AE involves neuron-specific autoantibodies targeting intracellular and plasma membrane antigens.
- Current diagnostic criteria rely heavily on antibody testing and immunotherapy response, potentially causing delays.
Purpose of the Study:
- To review the clinical and immunologic characteristics of autoimmune encephalitis.
- To assist clinicians in the differential diagnosis of AE.
- To facilitate prompt and effective treatment strategies for AE.
Main Methods:
- Comprehensive literature review of autoimmune encephalitis.
- Analysis of clinical presentations, including seizures and behavioral changes.
- Evaluation of diagnostic markers, encompassing antibody testing, immunotherapy response, and integrated clinical, immunological, electrophysiological, and neuroradiological findings.
Main Results:
- Identification of new AE syndromes and biomarkers.
- Understanding of AE's link to autoantibodies against neuronal antigens.
- Recognition of multifaceted presentations, including seizures and neuropsychiatric symptoms, with distinct pediatric and adult manifestations.
Conclusions:
- Integrated diagnostic approaches are critical for AE, especially in children.
- Understanding AE's diverse clinical and immunological features is essential for accurate diagnosis.
- This review provides a foundation for improved differential diagnosis and timely treatment of autoimmune encephalitis.
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