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Related Concept Videos

Anatomy of the Intestines01:23

Anatomy of the Intestines

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Although digestion of proteins, carbohydrates, and lipids may begin in the stomach, it is completed in the intestine. The absorption of nutrients, water, and electrolytes from food and drink also occurs in the intestine. The intestines can be divided into two structurally distinct organs—the small and large intestines.
Small Intestines
The small intestine is an ~7 meter-long tube with an inner diameter of just 2.5 cm. Since most nutrients are absorbed here, the inner lining of the...
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MOSFET: Depletion Mode01:20

MOSFET: Depletion Mode

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Depletion-mode MOSFETs represent a unique subset of MOSFET technology, functioning fundamentally differently from their enhancement-mode counterparts. Unlike enhancement MOSFETs, which require a positive gate-source voltage (Vgs) to turn on, depletion-mode MOSFETs are inherently conductive and "normally on" devices.
The primary characteristic of depletion-mode MOSFETs is their ability to conduct current between the drain and source terminals without gate bias. This inherent conductivity...
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Small Intestine01:15

Small Intestine

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The small intestine is primarily responsible for digestion and nutrient absorption. It spans from the pyloric sphincter to the ileocecal valve and connects to the large intestine.
The small intestine is divided into three main sections - the duodenum, jejunum, and ileum. The duodenum, approximately 25 cm long, is nearest the stomach. It acts as a 'mixing bowl,' where chyme (partially digested food) blends with digestive enzymes from the pancreas and liver. The duodenum's unique...
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Large Intestine01:09

Large Intestine

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The large intestine is divided into three main regions: the cecum, colon, and rectum. Extending from the ileocecal valve to the anus, it frames the small intestine on three sides.
The ileocecal sphincter, a mucous membrane fold, guards the opening from the ileum to the large intestine. This valve permits material from the small intestine to pass into the large intestine. Attached to the ileocecal valve is the cecum. This small pouch, approximately 6 cm long, has a twisted, coiled tube known as...
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Histology of the Large Intestine01:26

Histology of the Large Intestine

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The large intestine, a vital component of the gastrointestinal tract, is structured with four main layers: the mucosa, submucosa, muscularis, and serosa. Each layer performs a distinct role in facilitating the smooth functioning of the large intestine.
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Histology of the Small Intestine01:27

Histology of the Small Intestine

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The small intestine exhibits a unique histological structure that significantly enhances its function in digestion and nutrient absorption. These structures include circular folds, villi, and various specialized cells that collectively facilitate the digestion of food.
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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jan 20, 2026

Assessing the Innate Sensing of HIV-1 Infected CD4+ T Cells by Plasmacytoid Dendritic Cells Using an Ex vivo Co-culture System.
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Assessing the Innate Sensing of HIV-1 Infected CD4+ T Cells by Plasmacytoid Dendritic Cells Using an Ex vivo Co-culture System.

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Intestinal CD4 Depletion in HIV / SIV Infection.

Ronald S Veazey1,2

  • 1Division of Comparative Pathology, Tulane National Primate Research Center, Covington, LA.

Current Immunology Reviews
|August 22, 2019
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

HIV rapidly depletes crucial intestinal CD4+ T cells, impairing immune responses and mucosal integrity. This early damage drives viral persistence and complicates vaccine development.

Keywords:
CD4HIV-1SIVT-cellcytokinegutmucosatranscription factors

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Chronic, Acute, and Reactivated HIV Infection in Humanized Immunodeficient Mouse Models
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Chronic, Acute, and Reactivated HIV Infection in Humanized Immunodeficient Mouse Models
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Area of Science:

  • Immunology
  • Virology
  • Pathogenesis

Background:

  • HIV/SIV infection rapidly depletes intestinal CD4+ T cells, preceding blood and lymph node losses.
  • Significant differences exist in phenotype, proportion, and function between circulating and intestinal CD4+ T cell subsets.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To elucidate the early events in HIV/SIV pathogenesis focusing on CD4+ T cell depletion in the gut.
  • To understand the mechanisms driving viral persistence and immune dysregulation.

Main Methods:

  • Comparative analysis of CD4+ T cell subsets in mucosal versus systemic compartments.
  • Investigation of immune cell phenotypes, proportions, and functional capabilities post-infection.

Main Results:

  • Selective elimination of Th1, Th17, and Th22 cells compromises mucosal integrity and innate immunity.
  • Mucosal damage and immune activation lead to continuous influx of target cells, fueling viral replication.
  • Dysregulation of T follicular helper (Tfh) cells results in hyperactive, non-protective immune responses, supporting viral persistence.

Conclusions:

  • Early intestinal CD4+ T cell depletion is a critical driver of HIV/SIV pathogenesis and viral persistence.
  • Understanding these early events is essential for developing effective HIV vaccines and cure strategies.