Evidence for early top-down modulation of attention to salient visual cues through probe detection

The influence of top-down attentional control on the selection of salient visual stimuli has been examined extensively. Some accounts suggest all salient stimuli capture attention in a stimulus-driven manner, while others suggest salient stimuli capture attention contingent on top-down relevance. Evidence consistently shows target templates allow only salient stimuli sharing a target's features to capture attention, while salient stimuli not sharing a target's features do not. A number of hypotheses (e.g., contingent orienting, disengagement, signal suppression) from both sides of this debate have been proposed; however, most predict similar performance in the visual search and spatial cuing tasks. The present study combined a cuing task, in which subjects identified a target defined by its having a unique feature, with a probe identification task developed by Gaspelin, Leonard, and Luck (Psychological Science, 26, 1740-1750, 2015), in which subjects identified letters appearing in potential target locations just after the appearance of a salient cue that matched or did not match the target-defining feature. The probe task provided a measure of where attention was focused just after the cue's appearance. In six experiments, we observed top-down modulation of spatial cuing effects in response times and probe identification: Probes in the cued location were identified more often, but more when preceded by a cue that shared the target-defining feature. Though not unequivocal, the results are explained in terms of the on-going debate over whether top-down attentional control can prevent bottom-up capture by salient, task-irrelevant stimuli.