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Related Concept Videos

Oxidation Numbers03:14

Oxidation Numbers

42.2K
In redox reactions, the transfer of electrons occurs between reacting species. Electron transfer is described by a hypothetical number called the oxidation number (or oxidation state). It represents the effective charge of an atom or element, which is assigned using a set of rules.
42.2K
Metal-Ligand Bonds02:51

Metal-Ligand Bonds

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The hemoglobin in the blood, the chlorophyll in green plants, vitamin B-12, and the catalyst used in the manufacture of polyethylene all contain coordination compounds. Ions of the metals, especially the transition metals, are likely to form complexes.
In these complexes, transition metals form coordinate covalent bonds, a kind of Lewis acid-base interaction in which both of the electrons in the bond are contributed by a donor (Lewis base) to an electron acceptor (Lewis acid). The Lewis acid in...
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Alkali Metals03:06

Alkali Metals

24.2K
Group 1 elements are soft and shiny metallic solids. They are malleable, ductile, and good conductors of heat and electricity. The melting points of the alkali metals are unusually low for metals and decrease going down the group, while the density increases going down the group with the exception of potassium (Table 1).
Table 1: Properties of the alkali metals
24.2K
Bonding in Metals02:32

Bonding in Metals

52.1K
Metallic bonds are formed between two metal atoms. A simplified model to describe metallic bonding has been developed by Paul Drüde called the “Electron Sea Model”. 
52.1K
Oxidation-Reduction Reactions03:11

Oxidation-Reduction Reactions

75.1K
Oxidation–Reduction Reactions
75.1K
Properties of Transition Metals02:58

Properties of Transition Metals

29.6K
Transition metals are defined as those elements that have partially filled d orbitals. As shown in Figure 1, the d-block elements in groups 3–12 are transition elements. The f-block elements, also called inner transition metals (the lanthanides and actinides), also meet this criterion because the d orbital is partially occupied before the f orbitals.
29.6K

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Niobium Oxide Films Deposited by Reactive Sputtering: Effect of Oxygen Flow Rate
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Development of an Oxygen Sensitive Model Gel System to Detect Defects in Metal Oxide Coated Multilayer Polymeric

Ashutos Parhi1, Kanishka Bhunia2, Barbara Rasco3

  • 1Dept. of Biological Systems Engineering, Washington State Univ., P.O. Box-646120, Pullman, WA, 99164-6120, USA.

Journal of Food Science
|August 22, 2019
PubMed
Summary

A new oxygen-sensitive gel system visually detects defects in metal oxide coated polymeric packaging after thermal processing. This method helps improve barrier performance for shelf-stable food products.

Keywords:
CLSMSEMdefectsmetal oxide coatingoxygen indicator

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Area of Science:

  • Materials Science
  • Polymer Science
  • Food Packaging Technology

Background:

  • Metal oxide coated polymeric pouches offer an alternative to foil for shelf-stable packaging.
  • Barrier performance relies on coating integrity, which can be compromised by thermal processing and handling.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To develop a visual method for identifying defects in metal oxide coated polymeric films.
  • To evaluate the barrier performance and defect formation in different coated pouches after retort processing.

Main Methods:

  • Developed an oxygen-sensitive model gel system using methylene blue to visually detect defects.
  • Retort-processed four types of metal oxide coated PET pouches (MOA, MOB, MOC, MOD) at 121 °C.
  • Analyzed defects using the gel system, oxygen/water vapor transmission rates, SEM, and CLSM.

Main Results:

  • The MOC pouches (Overlayer-AlOx -Organic-coated PET) exhibited the least degradation in barrier properties post-processing.
  • The gel system effectively identified localized defects through color change (yellow to blue).
  • Thermal processing increased films' melting enthalpy, potentially increasing brittleness.

Conclusions:

  • The developed methylene blue gel system is a viable tool for identifying defects in coated packaging films.
  • The MOC coating structure provides superior protection against thermal-induced defects.
  • Findings can guide the development of improved high-barrier packaging materials for food applications.