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Related Concept Videos

Nephrons01:10

Nephrons

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The kidneys are intricate organs with millions of working units known as nephrons. Each nephron features two major structures: the renal corpuscle, which facilitates blood plasma filtration, and the renal tubule, which handles the glomerular filtrate. Blood supply is directly linked to the nephrons. The renal corpuscle consists of the glomerulus, a capillary network, and the Bowman's capsule, a double-walled epithelial structure that encases the glomerulus. The filtering of blood plasma...
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Determining Order of Reaction02:53

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Rate laws describe the relationship between the rate of a chemical reaction and the concentration of its reactants. In a rate law, the rate constant k and the reaction orders are determined experimentally by observing how the rate of reaction changes as the concentrations of the reactants are changed. A common experimental approach to the determination of rate laws is the method of initial rates. This method involves measuring reaction rates for multiple experimental trials carried out using...
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Determination01:51

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During embryogenesis, cells become progressively committed to different fates through a two-step process: specification followed by determination. Specification is demonstrated by removing a segment of an early embryo, “neutrally” culturing the tissue in vitro—for example, in a petri dish with simple medium—and then observing the derivatives. If the cultured region gives rise to cell types that it would normally generate in the embryo, this means that it is specified. In...
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Determining the pH of Salt Solutions04:08

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The pH of a salt solution is determined by its component anions and cations. Salts that contain pH-neutral anions and the hydronium ion-producing cations form a solution with a pH less than 7. For example, in ammonium nitrate (NH4NO3) solution, NO3− ions do not react with water whereas NH4+ ions produce the hydronium ions resulting in the acidic solution.  In contrast, salts that contain pH-neutral cations and the hydroxide ion-producing anions form a solution with a pH greater than 7. For...
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Rate-Determining Steps03:08

Rate-Determining Steps

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Relating Reaction Mechanisms
In a multistep reaction mechanism, one of the elementary steps progresses significantly slower than the others. This slowest step is called the rate-limiting step (or rate-determining step). A reaction cannot proceed faster than its slowest step, and hence, the rate-determining step limits the overall reaction rate.
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Experimental Determination of Chemical Formula02:37

Experimental Determination of Chemical Formula

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The elemental makeup of a compound defines its chemical identity, and chemical formulas are the most concise way of representing this elemental makeup. When a compound’s formula is unknown, measuring the mass of its constituent elements is often the first step in determining the formula experimentally.
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Related Experiment Video

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Estimation of Nephron Number in Whole Kidney using the Acid Maceration Method
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In-vivo techniques for determining nephron number.

Aleksandar Denic1, Hisham Elsherbiny1, Andrew D Rule1,2

  • 1Division of Nephrology and Hypertension.

Current Opinion in Nephrology and Hypertension
|August 22, 2019
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Summary

Low birth nephron number increases risks for hypertension and chronic kidney disease (CKD). Current methods to count nephrons are invasive or limited, highlighting the need for new, non-invasive technologies in living individuals.

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Area of Science:

  • Nephrology
  • Renal Physiology
  • Diagnostic Imaging

Background:

  • Low nephron endowment at birth is linked to future hypertension and chronic kidney disease (CKD).
  • Nephron loss occurs subclinically with aging and disease, making early detection challenging.
  • Glomerular filtration rate (GFR) is an inadequate measure of nephron number.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To review current and emerging technologies for quantifying nephron number in humans.
  • To highlight the clinical significance of accurate nephron counting for disease prediction and management.
  • To discuss the limitations of existing methods and the need for non-invasive techniques.

Main Methods:

  • Review of existing literature on nephron counting techniques, including autopsy-based (disector-fractionator) and biopsy-based methods (glomerular density, imaging, ultrafiltration coefficient).
  • Evaluation of emerging technologies like contrast-enhanced MRI for non-invasive glomerular detection.
  • Analysis of clinical data linking nephron number to outcomes like post-donation albuminuria.

Main Results:

  • The disector-fractionator method is accurate but only applicable post-mortem.
  • Biopsy-based methods provide estimates in living individuals (e.g., kidney donors) but are invasive.
  • Low nephron number in donors predicts higher post-donation urine albumin.
  • Contrast-enhanced MRI shows promise for non-invasive detection but is not yet validated in living humans.

Conclusions:

  • Accurate, well-tolerated methods for determining nephron number in living humans are currently lacking.
  • A clinically applicable method could enable measurement of chronic kidney disease progression (nephron loss) independent of hemodynamic factors.
  • Developing such a technology could revolutionize nephrology by providing more precise diagnostic and prognostic tools.