Jove
Visualize
Contact Us
JoVE
x logofacebook logolinkedin logoyoutube logo
ABOUT JoVE
OverviewLeadershipBlogJoVE Help Center
AUTHORS
Publishing ProcessEditorial BoardScope & PoliciesPeer ReviewFAQSubmit
LIBRARIANS
TestimonialsSubscriptionsAccessResourcesLibrary Advisory BoardFAQ
RESEARCH
JoVE JournalMethods CollectionsJoVE Encyclopedia of ExperimentsArchive
EDUCATION
JoVE CoreJoVE BusinessJoVE Science EducationJoVE Lab ManualFaculty Resource CenterFaculty Site
Terms & Conditions of Use
Privacy Policy
Policies

Related Concept Videos

Dehydration Synthesis01:15

Dehydration Synthesis

148.7K
Overview
Dehydration synthesis (also called a condensation reaction) is the chemical process in which two molecules covalently link together to form a new molecule, along with the release of a water molecule. Many physiologically important compounds form by dehydration synthesis reactions, such as complex carbohydrates, proteins, DNA, and RNA.
Synthesis of carbohydrates
Sugar molecules are covalently linked together by dehydration synthesis. During the reaction, the hydroxyl (-OH) group from...
148.7K
Synthesis and Decomposition Reactions02:17

Synthesis and Decomposition Reactions

38.1K
Synthesis and decomposition are two types of redox reactions. Synthesis means to make something, whereas decomposition means to break something. The reactions are accompanied by chemical and energy changes. 
38.1K
Lagging Strand Synthesis01:59

Lagging Strand Synthesis

61.0K
During replication, the complementary strands in double-stranded DNA are synthesized at different rates. Replication first begins on the leading strand. Replication starts later, occurs more slowly, and proceeds discontinuously on the lagging strand.
There are several major differences between synthesis of the leading strand and synthesis of the lagging strand. 1) Leading strand synthesis happens in the direction of replication fork opening, whereas lagging strand synthesis happens in the...
61.0K
Transfer RNA Synthesis02:36

Transfer RNA Synthesis

13.2K
One of the unique features of tRNA is the presence of modified bases. In some tRNAs, modified bases account for nearly 20% of the total bases in the molecule. Altogether, these unusual bases protect the tRNA from enzymatic degradation by RNases.
Each of these chemical modifications is carried by a specific enzyme, post-transcription. All of these enzymes have unique base and site-specificity. Methylation, the most common chemical modification, is carried by at least nine different enzymes, with...
13.2K
Total Voids in Concrete01:12

Total Voids in Concrete

453
Total voids in concrete encompass gel water volume, capillary pores, and entrapped air. Gel water (retained within the cement hydration products) and physically entrapped or adsorbed water are significant for the hydration process. For complete hydration, it's estimated that the space needed for the products of a cubic centimeter of cement doubles. Capillary pores constitute the unoccupied space within the hydrated cement paste, with their size largely influenced by the water-to-cement...
453
Total Internal Reflection Fluorescence Microscopy01:05

Total Internal Reflection Fluorescence Microscopy

11.0K
Total internal reflection fluorescence microscopy or TIRF is an advanced microscopic technique used to visualize fluorophores in samples close to a solid surface with a higher refractive index, such as a glass coverslip. TIRF only allows fluorophores in proximity to the solid surface to be excited. When light from a medium with a lower refractive index (such as air) hits the glass coverslip at a critical angle, the light undergoes total internal reflection stead of passing through the glass.
11.0K

You might also read

Related Articles

Articles linked to this work by shared authors, journal, and citation graph.

Sort by
Same author

Conditional knockout of membrane-type I matrix metalloproteinase in smooth muscle cells of adult mice alleviates atherosclerosis without affecting basic cardiovascular function.

Clinical and translational medicine·2026
Same author

Effects of crutch-assisted walking on pain, gait, and hip function in early and middle-stage osteonecrosis: a randomized trial.

Journal of orthopaedic translation·2026
Same author

Serum SOS1 as a prognostic biomarker and therapeutic target for progressive liver disease.

iScience·2026
Same author

Co-fermentation of Ampelopsis grossedentata with Camellia sinensis reduces bitterness, enhances sweet aroma, and generates novel bioactive theaflavin analogues.

Food chemistry·2026
Same author

Matrix metalloproteinase-14 promotes LRP6 shedding in vascular smooth muscle cells and its expression is elevated in the tibial arteries from peripheral artery disease.

Biochimica et biophysica acta. General subjects·2026
Same author

Cultural formation and determinants of HIV stigma among a minority group in Southwest China.

AIDS care·2026

Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jan 20, 2026

Synthesis of an Intein-mediated Artificial Protein Hydrogel
15:06

Synthesis of an Intein-mediated Artificial Protein Hydrogel

Published on: January 27, 2014

12.7K

Total Synthesis of (±)-Cochlearol A.

Da-Wei Zhang1,2, Wen-Dan Xu1,2, Hui-Lan Fan1,2

  • 1State Key Laboratory of Phytochemistry and Plant Resources in West China, Kunming Institute of Botany, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Yunnan Key Laboratory of Natural Medicinal Chemistry, Kunming 650201, P. R. China.

Organic Letters
|August 22, 2019
PubMed
Summary

The total synthesis of cochlearol A was achieved, establishing a novel cis 6/6 B/D ring construction. This research presents a key method for synthesizing complex molecules with quaternary carbons.

More Related Videos

Synthesis and Exfoliation of Discotic Zirconium Phosphates to Obtain Colloidal Liquid Crystals
08:54

Synthesis and Exfoliation of Discotic Zirconium Phosphates to Obtain Colloidal Liquid Crystals

Published on: May 25, 2016

8.9K
Single Read and Paired End mRNA-Seq Illumina Libraries from 10 Nanograms Total RNA
14:49

Single Read and Paired End mRNA-Seq Illumina Libraries from 10 Nanograms Total RNA

Published on: October 27, 2011

39.6K

Related Experiment Videos

Last Updated: Jan 20, 2026

Synthesis of an Intein-mediated Artificial Protein Hydrogel
15:06

Synthesis of an Intein-mediated Artificial Protein Hydrogel

Published on: January 27, 2014

12.7K
Synthesis and Exfoliation of Discotic Zirconium Phosphates to Obtain Colloidal Liquid Crystals
08:54

Synthesis and Exfoliation of Discotic Zirconium Phosphates to Obtain Colloidal Liquid Crystals

Published on: May 25, 2016

8.9K
Single Read and Paired End mRNA-Seq Illumina Libraries from 10 Nanograms Total RNA
14:49

Single Read and Paired End mRNA-Seq Illumina Libraries from 10 Nanograms Total RNA

Published on: October 27, 2011

39.6K

Area of Science:

  • Organic Chemistry
  • Synthetic Chemistry

Background:

  • Cochlearol A is a complex natural product with a unique polycyclic structure.
  • The synthesis of molecules with quaternary carbons presents significant challenges in organic chemistry.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To achieve the total synthesis of (±)-cochlearol A.
  • To develop a novel strategy for constructing the cis 6/6 B/D ring system.
  • To explore efficient methods for forming quaternary carbon centers.

Main Methods:

  • A TMSOTf-promoted lactonization of a tert-butoxy ketoester was employed to create the lactone intermediate containing a quaternary carbon.
  • The cis configuration of the B/E ring was crucial for achieving regioselective B/D ring formation.
  • The synthesis proceeded in 16 steps starting from ethyl 4-tert-butoxyacetoacetate.

Main Results:

  • The total synthesis of (±)-cochlearol A was successfully accomplished.
  • A key lactone intermediate with a quaternary carbon was efficiently synthesized.
  • The importance of the cis B/E ring configuration for regioselective B/D ring formation was demonstrated.

Conclusions:

  • The developed synthetic route provides an effective method for accessing cochlearol A.
  • This work showcases a valuable strategy for constructing complex polycyclic structures with quaternary centers.
  • The study highlights the significance of stereochemical control in complex molecule synthesis.