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The practical equivalent circuits of single-phase two-winding transformers exhibit significant deviations from their idealized versions due to the inherent properties of winding resistance and finite core permeability. These properties result in real and reactive power losses, affecting the transformer's performance. Understanding these deviations is crucial for designing more efficient transformers.
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Updated: Jan 20, 2026

Pore-scale Imaging and Characterization of Hydrocarbon Reservoir Rock Wettability at Subsurface Conditions Using X-ray Microtomography
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A method for screening groundwater vulnerability from subsurface hydrocarbon extraction practices.

S E Loveless1, M A Lewis1, J P Bloomfield1

  • 1British Geological Survey, MacLean Building, Wallingford, Oxfordshire, UK.

Journal of Environmental Management
|August 22, 2019
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

This study presents a new screening method to assess groundwater pollution risk from hydrocarbon extraction. It evaluates geological pathways and activity-specific factors, providing confidence ratings for environmental decision-making.

Keywords:
Groundwater vulnerabilityHydrocarbonsShale gasSubsurface riskVale of pickering

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Area of Science:

  • Environmental Science
  • Hydrogeology
  • Geological Engineering

Background:

  • Groundwater contamination from hydrocarbon exploitation poses significant environmental risks.
  • Existing methods may not comprehensively assess vulnerability across diverse subsurface activities.
  • Accurate assessment is crucial for effective environmental management and regulation.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To introduce a novel screening method for evaluating groundwater vulnerability to hydrocarbon exploitation.
  • To provide a framework applicable to various hydrocarbon energy sources and subsurface activities.
  • To enhance environmental decision-making through a confidence-rated assessment of pollution risk.

Main Methods:

  • Assessing intrinsic vulnerability by identifying geological contaminant transport pathways.
  • Evaluating specific vulnerability considering hydrocarbon activity type and driving heads.
  • Incorporating a confidence rating for each assessment parameter.

Main Results:

  • The method provides a structured approach to assess groundwater vulnerability.
  • Confidence ratings highlight areas needing further investigation for informed decision-making.
  • Demonstrated applicability for conventional and shale gas operations.

Conclusions:

  • The developed screening method offers a robust tool for assessing groundwater vulnerability to hydrocarbon exploitation.
  • It supports environmental decision-making, regulation, and management by quantifying risk and confidence.
  • The method's adaptability allows for application in various geological settings and for diverse subsurface activities.