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Related Concept Videos

Centrioles and Centrosomes01:13

Centrioles and Centrosomes

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Most animal cells comprise a pair of centrioles together called a centrosome. The cell duplicates its centrosome and contains two centrosomes side-by-side, which begin to move apart during the prophase. As the centrosomes migrate to two different sides of the cell, microtubules start extending from each centrosome toward the other end. The mitotic spindle is composed of the centrosomes and their emerging microtubules.
Near the end of the prophase, also called late prophase or...
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Golgi Apparatus01:49

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As they leave the Endoplasmic Reticulum (ER), properly folded and assembled proteins are selectively packaged into vesicles. These vesicles are transported by microtubule-based motor proteins and fuse together to form vesicular tubular clusters, subsequently arriving at the Golgi apparatus, a eukaryotic endomembrane organelle that often has a distinctive ribbon-like appearance.
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Golgi Apparatus01:09

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Properly folded and assembled proteins are selectively packaged into vesicles that exit the ER. Motor proteins transport these vesicles to the Golgi apparatus for adding modifications that make these proteins functional at their destination.
The Golgi apparatus is a eukaryotic organelle that has a distinctive ribbon-like appearance. It is a primary sorting and dispatch station for cargo arriving from the ER. Newly arriving vesicles enter the cis face of the Golgi, closest to the ER, and are...
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Transport Across the Golgi01:26

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While it is unclear how molecules move between adjacent Golgi cisternae, it is apparent that the molecules move from cis- cisterna, the entry face, to the trans- cisterna, the exit face. Experiments initially suggested vesicles that bud from one cisterna and fuse with the next cisterna to transport proteins between the cisternae. This vesicular transport model describes the Golgi apparatus as a relatively static structure with a unique enzyme composition in each cisterna. Molecules are...
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Golgi Matrix Proteins01:12

Golgi Matrix Proteins

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Golgi matrix proteins are a group of highly dynamic proteins that maintain the stacked structure of Golgi. These proteins adapt to rapid morphological changes of the Golgi during the cell cycle. During cell division, mild proteolysis removes these connections resulting in Golgi unstacking. In The daughter cells, these proteins help reassemble the unstacked Golgi.
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Exocytosis00:51

Exocytosis

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Exocytosis is used to release material from cells. Like other bulk transport mechanisms, exocytosis requires energy.
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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jan 20, 2026

Isolation and Fluorescence Imaging for Single-particle Reconstruction of Chlamydomonas Centrioles
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Formins, Golgi, and the Centriole.

John Copeland1

  • 1Faculty of Medicine, Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, ON, Canada. john.copeland@uottawa.ca.

Results and Problems in Cell Differentiation
|August 23, 2019
PubMed
Summary

Formin proteins regulate both actin and microtubule cytoskeletons, crucial for cell structure. This chapter highlights their essential roles in Golgi ribbon and centrosome assembly, impacting cellular organization.

Area of Science:

  • Cell Biology
  • Cytoskeletal Dynamics
  • Molecular Cell Biology

Background:

  • Formin homology proteins (formins) are conserved regulators of the cytoskeleton.
  • Formins influence actin dynamics and microtubule stability/organization.
  • Coordinated cytoskeletal networks are vital for cellular architecture.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To explore the multifaceted roles of formins in cellular processes.
  • To highlight formins' involvement in coordinating actin and microtubule networks.
  • To present evidence for formins' essential functions in Golgi and centrosome biology.

Main Methods:

  • Review of existing literature and experimental evidence.
  • Analysis of formin protein domains and functions.

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Related Experiment Videos

Last Updated: Jan 20, 2026

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  • Examination of cytoskeletal interactions in cellular processes.

    • Main Results:

    • Formins possess dual functionality, regulating both actin and microtubules.
    • Multiple formins are essential for Golgi ribbon assembly.
    • Formins play critical roles in centrosome assembly, duplication, and positioning.

    Conclusions:

    • Formins are key coordinators of the actin and microtubule cytoskeleton.
    • These proteins are indispensable for fundamental cellular processes like Golgi and centrosome organization.
    • Understanding formin function provides insights into cellular architecture and dynamics.