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Potential Energy00:52

Potential Energy

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The energy stored by a structure and location of matter in space is called potential energy. For instance, raising a kettlebell changes its spatial location and increases its potential energy. Similarly, a stretched rubber band contains potential energy which, under certain conditions, can be converted into other forms of energy, such as kinetic energy.
Chemical bonds that form attractive forces between atoms also contain potential energy, called chemical energy. When a chemical reaction...
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Potential Energy01:09

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A conservative force, such as a gravitational or elastic force, gives the body the capacity to do work. This capacity, measured as the potential energy, depends on the body's location or “position” relative to a fixed reference position or datum. The gravitational potential energy is considered zero at the reference point. Suppose a body is located at some vertical distance above a fixed horizontal reference or datum. In that case, the weight of the body has positive gravitational potential...
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On comparing the reactivity of silver and lead, it is observed that the two ionic species, Ag+ (aq) and Pb2+ (aq), show a difference in their redox reactivity towards copper: the silver ion undergoes spontaneous reduction, while the lead ion does not. This relative redox activity can be easily quantified in electrochemical cells by a property called cell potential. This property is commonly known as cell voltage in electrochemistry, and it is a measure of the energy which accompanies the charge...
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Thermodynamics of a Redox Reaction
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Suppose a positive test charge moves away from a positive static charge, then the Coulomb force does positive work, and its electric potential energy decreases. The potential energy per unit charge is defined as the electric potential. The electric potential is independent of the test charge.
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Author Spotlight: Soybean Hairy Root Transformation for the Analysis of Gene Function
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Two novel potential pathogens for soybean.

Andressa Cristina Zamboni Machado1, Priscila Moreira Amaro1, Santino Aleandro da Silva1

  • 1Department of Plant Protection, Instituto Agronômico do Paraná, Londrina, Paraná, Brazil.

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|August 23, 2019
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Summary

Helicotylenchus dihystera and Scutellonema brachyurus are emerging nematode threats to soybean crops in Brazil. These nematodes are widely distributed and confirmed to cause root damage, impacting soybean yield.

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Area of Science:

  • Agricultural Science
  • Plant Pathology
  • Nematology

Background:

  • Nematode diseases significantly impact global soybean production, with emergent pathogens causing substantial yield losses.
  • Intensified agricultural practices can lead to the rise of new or secondary nematode pathogens in soybean fields.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To assess the distribution and pathogenicity of Helicotylenchus dihystera (Hd) and Scutellonema brachyurus (Sb) in South Brazilian soybean cropping systems.
  • To compare the impact of Hd and Sb with the known soybean pathogen Pratylenchus brachyurus (Pb).

Main Methods:

  • Conducted a large-scale survey analyzing 1,088 soil and 1,043 root samples from soybean fields across three Brazilian states (2014-2016).
  • Performed greenhouse experiments to evaluate the pathogenicity of Hd and Sb on soybean plants.

Main Results:

  • Helicotylenchus dihystera and Scutellonema brachyurus were found to be widely distributed in Paraná, Santa Catarina, and Mato Grosso do Sul.
  • Both Hd and Sb were confirmed to multiply within soybean roots and cause visible root lesions, confirming their pathogenicity.

Conclusions:

  • Helicotylenchus dihystera and Scutellonema brachyurus are confirmed as significant emerging pathogens affecting soybean in Brazil.
  • Effective management strategies are needed to address the increasing threat posed by these nematodes to soybean cultivation.