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Related Concept Videos

Characteristics and Nomenclature of Copolymers01:24

Characteristics and Nomenclature of Copolymers

3.2K
Copolymers are the products obtained from the polymerization of multiple monomer species. So, in a polymer chain itself, there can be multiple repeating units that come from different monomers. The process of synthesizing a polymer from different monomer species is called copolymerization. When two monomers are involved, the polymer is known as a bipolymer. Polymers with three and four monomers are termed terpolymers and quaterpolymers, respectively. Figure 1 depicts the copolymerization of...
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Base Excision Repair01:54

Base Excision Repair

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One of the common DNA damages is the chemical alteration of single bases by alkylation, oxidation, or deamination. The altered bases cause mispairing and strand breakage during replication. This type of damage causes minimal change to the DNA double helix structure and can be repaired by the base excision repair (BER) pathways. BER corrects damaged DNA sequences by removing the damaged base and restoring the original base sequence using the complementary strand as a template.
The first step of...
26.1K
Lewis Acids and Bases02:33

Lewis Acids and Bases

48.2K
In 1923, G. N. Lewis proposed a generalized definition of acid-base behavior in which acids and bases are identified by their ability to accept or to donate a pair of electrons and form a coordinate covalent bond.
A coordinate covalent bond (or dative bond) occurs when one of the atoms in the bond provides both bonding electrons. For example, a coordinate covalent bond occurs when a water molecule combines with a hydrogen ion to form a hydronium ion. A coordinate covalent bond also results when...
48.2K
DNA Base Pairing02:27

DNA Base Pairing

33.0K
Erwin Chargaff’s rules on DNA equivalence paved the way for the discovery of base pairing in DNA. Chargaff’s rules state that in a double-stranded DNA molecule,
33.0K
Weak Base Solutions03:21

Weak Base Solutions

24.8K
Some compounds produce hydroxide ions when dissolved by chemically reacting with water molecules. In all cases, these compounds react only partially and so are classified as weak bases. These types of compounds are also abundant in nature and important commodities in various technologies. For example, global production of the weak base ammonia is typically well over 100 metric tons annually, being widely used as an agricultural fertilizer, a raw material for chemical synthesis of other...
24.8K
Ions as Acids and Bases02:54

Ions as Acids and Bases

26.2K
Salts with Acidic Ions
Salts are ionic compounds composed of cations and anions, either of which may be capable of undergoing an acid or base ionization reaction with water. Aqueous salt solutions, therefore, may be acidic, basic, or neutral, depending on the relative acid-base strengths of the salt’s constituent ions. For example, dissolving the ammonium chloride in water results in its dissociation, as described by the equation:
26.2K

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Updated: Jan 20, 2026

Anionic Polymerization of an Amphiphilic Copolymer for Preparation of Block Copolymer Micelles Stabilized by π-π Stacking Interactions
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Anionic Polymerization of an Amphiphilic Copolymer for Preparation of Block Copolymer Micelles Stabilized by π-π Stacking Interactions

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Polyhydroxyalkanoates based copolymers.

Asit Baran Samui1, Tapan Kanai2

  • 1Institute of Chemical Technology, Nathalal Parekh Marg, Mumbai 400019, India.

International Journal of Biological Macromolecules
|August 23, 2019
PubMed
Summary

Polyhydroxyalkanoates (PHAs) are biodegradable thermoplastics produced by microorganisms. This review explores PHA synthesis, modification, and applications as sustainable alternatives to petroleum-based plastics.

Keywords:
Bacterial method of synthesisCharacterizationClick chemistryGraftingPolyhudroxy alkanoate copolymers

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Area of Science:

  • Polymer Science
  • Microbiology
  • Biotechnology

Background:

  • Polyhydroxyalkanoates (PHAs) are microbial polyesters serving as carbon and energy reserves.
  • PHAs are biodegradable, biocompatible, and environmentally friendly thermoplastics.
  • They are considered sustainable alternatives to conventional petroleum-based plastics.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To provide a comprehensive review of Polyhydroxyalkanoates (PHAs).
  • To discuss PHA production, modification, and diverse applications.
  • To highlight the potential of PHAs as future polymers.

Main Methods:

  • Review of existing literature on PHA nature, production, and properties.
  • Discussion of bacterial and chemical copolymer synthesis methods.
  • Elaboration on various polymerization techniques including ring-opening and click chemistry.

Main Results:

  • Detailed overview of PHA characteristics, raw material sourcing, and processing.
  • Exploration of PHA modifications and copolymerization strategies.
  • Inclusion of a brief discussion on current and potential PHA applications.

Conclusions:

  • PHAs represent a promising class of bioplastics with significant potential.
  • Various synthesis and modification methods enable tailored PHA properties.
  • Further research and development are crucial for widespread PHA adoption.