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Related Concept Videos

Endoplasmic Reticulum01:39

Endoplasmic Reticulum

106.6K
The Endoplasmic Reticulum (ER) in eukaryotic cells is a substantial network of interconnected membranes with diverse functions, from calcium storage to biomolecule synthesis. A primary component of the endomembrane system, the ER manufactures phospholipids critical for membrane function throughout the cell. Additionally, the two distinct regions of the ER specialize in the manufacture of specific lipids and proteins.
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The Endoplasmic Reticulum01:43

The Endoplasmic Reticulum

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The endoplasmic reticulum or ER makes up for more than half of the membranes in a cell and accounts for 10% of total cell volume. It is also the primary protein and lipid synthesis factory for most cell organelles, such as the Golgi apparatus, lysosomes, secretory vesicles, and the plasma membrane. Despite being the most extensive and functionally complex subcellular organelle, ER was the last to be discovered. After years of deliberation, Keith Porter and George Palade in the year 1954,...
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Smooth Endoplasmic Reticulum01:21

Smooth Endoplasmic Reticulum

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Smooth endoplasmic reticulum or smooth ER is a sub-organelle with specialized functions in animal cells and plant cells. It is often associated with the tubule morphology of the endoplasmic reticulum.
The ER provides optimal conditions for synthesizing steroid hormones and lipids, such as phospholipids and triglycerides. Traditionally, lipid metabolism was considered to be a smooth ER function. However, there is no direct evidence to prove that rough ER is completely excluded from lipid...
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Directing Proteins to the Rough Endoplasmic Reticulum01:34

Directing Proteins to the Rough Endoplasmic Reticulum

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The organelle-specific signaling sequences direct proteins synthesized in the cytosol to their final destination like ER, mitochondria, peroxisomes, etc. Some of the proteins directed to ER are then trafficked via vesicles to other organelles within the cell or the extracellular environment through the Golgi complex. For example, the rough ER synthesizes soluble proteins for transportation to the lysosomes or secretion out of the cell. It can also synthesize transmembrane proteins that can...
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Decreased Body Temperature01:29

Decreased Body Temperature

1.0K
A decreased body temperature can occur in patients with hypothermia and frostbite. Heat loss with extended cold exposure overpowers the body's ability to create heat, resulting in hypothermia. Core temperature readings help classify hypothermia. Mild hypothermia is temperatures between 32 °C (89.6 °F) and 35°C (95 °F) and is caused by impaired thermoregulation. Moderate hypothermia is temperatures between 28 C (82.4 °F) and 32 °C (89.6 °F) caused by...
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Decreased pulse rate01:14

Decreased pulse rate

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Bradycardia is a medical condition in which the heart rate is slower than normal. It occurs when the heart's natural pacemaker, the sinus node, generates slower electrical impulses than the standard rhythm. In adults, bradycardia is diagnosed when the pulse rate falls below 60 beats per minute, indicating a deviation from the normal heart rate range.
There are specific risk factors that can elevate the likelihood of developing bradycardia. Advanced age is a significant factor, with...
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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jan 20, 2026

Visualization of Endoplasmic Reticulum Subdomains in Cultured Cells
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Visualization of Endoplasmic Reticulum Subdomains in Cultured Cells

Published on: February 18, 2014

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Jiang-Zhi granules decrease sensitivity to low-dose CCl4 induced liver injury in NAFLD rats through reducing

Lili Yang1,2, Yan Zhou1, Haiyan Song1,2

  • 1Institute of Digestive Diseases, Longhua Hospital Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai, 200032, China.

BMC Complementary and Alternative Medicine
|August 24, 2019
PubMed
Summary

Non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) increases susceptibility to liver injury. Jiang-Zhi Granule (JZG) treatment protected against carbon tetrachloride (CCl4)-induced liver damage in NAFLD rats by regulating endoplasmic reticulum stress (ERS).

Keywords:
CCl4ERSLiver injury, Jiang-Zhi granulesNAFLD

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Molecular Modulation by Lentivirus-Delivered Specific shRNAs in Endoplasmic Reticulum Stressed Neurons
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Inducing Acute Liver Injury in Rats via Carbon Tetrachloride CCl4 Exposure Through an Orogastric Tube
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Inducing Acute Liver Injury in Rats via Carbon Tetrachloride CCl4 Exposure Through an Orogastric Tube
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Area of Science:

  • Hepatology
  • Pharmacology
  • Traditional Chinese Medicine

Background:

  • Non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) can heighten liver injury sensitivity from toxins.
  • Traditional Chinese Medicine (TCM) Jiang-Zhi Granule (JZG) is known to improve liver function and reduce fat and inflammation in NAFLD.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To assess JZG's effect on NAFLD rat susceptibility to liver injury.
  • To elucidate the underlying pharmacological mechanisms of JZG in this context.

Main Methods:

  • NAFLD was induced in Wistar rats using a high-fat diet (HFD) for 8 weeks.
  • Liver injury was induced with low-dose carbon tetrachloride (CCl4); JZG was administered concurrently to one group.
  • Evaluations included liver pathology, serum transaminases, lipids, and hepatic endoplasmic reticulum stress (ERS) markers.

Main Results:

  • HFD-induced NAFLD rats showed elevated lipids, transaminases, and increased ERS markers (GRP78, PERK, EIF2α, NFκB).
  • CCl4 administration exacerbated liver injury in NAFLD rats, causing inflammation and necrosis.
  • JZG treatment significantly reduced inflammation, necrosis, lipids, and transaminases, and down-regulated ERS markers.

Conclusions:

  • NAFLD rats exhibit increased sensitivity to CCl4-induced liver injury.
  • JZG demonstrates a protective effect against this induced liver injury in NAFLD rats.
  • JZG's mechanism likely involves the regulation of the endoplasmic reticulum stress (ERS) signaling pathway.