Jove
Visualize
Contact Us
JoVE
x logofacebook logolinkedin logoyoutube logo
ABOUT JoVE
OverviewLeadershipBlogJoVE Help Center
AUTHORS
Publishing ProcessEditorial BoardScope & PoliciesPeer ReviewFAQSubmit
LIBRARIANS
TestimonialsSubscriptionsAccessResourcesLibrary Advisory BoardFAQ
RESEARCH
JoVE JournalMethods CollectionsJoVE Encyclopedia of ExperimentsArchive
EDUCATION
JoVE CoreJoVE BusinessJoVE Science EducationJoVE Lab ManualFaculty Resource CenterFaculty Site
Terms & Conditions of Use
Privacy Policy
Policies

Related Concept Videos

Habitat Fragmentation02:31

Habitat Fragmentation

21.2K
Habitat fragmentation describes the division of a more extensive, continuous habitat into smaller, discontinuous areas. Human activities such as land conversion, as well as slower geological processes leading to changes in the physical environment, are the two leading causes of habitat fragmentation. The fragmentation process typically follows the same steps: perforation, dissection, fragmentation, shrinkage, and attrition.
21.2K
Postsynaptic Potential (PSP)01:32

Postsynaptic Potential (PSP)

4.9K
Postsynaptic potential (PSP) refers to a change in the electrical potential of a neuron when neurotransmitters released by presynaptic neurons bind to postsynaptic receptors. This potential can either be excitatory, leading to depolarization and ultimately action potential generation, or inhibitory, leading to hyperpolarization and suppression of the postsynaptic neuron.
There are two types of receptors: ionotropic and metabotropic.
The ionotropic receptor is the membrane protein that has an...
4.9K
Density00:56

Density

19.3K
Density is an important characteristic of substances, crucial in determining whether an object sinks or floats in a fluid. Its SI unit is kg/m3, and its cgs unit is g/cm3. The density of an object helps in identifying its composition, and also reveals information about the phase of the matter and its substructure. The densities of liquids and solids are roughly comparable, consistent with the fact that their atoms are in close contact. However, gases have much lower densities than liquids and...
19.3K
Current Density01:21

Current Density

5.0K
The total amount of current flowing through one unit value of a cross-sectional area is referred to as current density. If the current flow is uniform, the amount of current flowing through a conductor is the same at all points along the conductor, even if the conductor area varies. The current density consists of the local magnitude and direction of the charge flow, which varies from point to point. Current density is measured in amperes per meter square, and direction is defined as the net...
5.0K
Mass Spectrometry: Alkene Fragmentation00:59

Mass Spectrometry: Alkene Fragmentation

3.6K
Alkenes lose one electron from the unsaturated π bond upon ionization and form stable molecular ions. Further fragmentation of alkenes occurs through three different reaction pathways. The most prominent fragmentation is the cleavage at the allylic position. The resultant allylic carbocation is resonance stabilized. In the mass spectra of terminal alkenes, this fragment appears at a mass-to-charge ratio of 41. In the internal alkenes, where there are two choices of allylic cleavage, the...
3.6K
Mass Spectrometry: Cycloalkane Fragmentation01:05

Mass Spectrometry: Cycloalkane Fragmentation

2.2K
In mass spectrometry, cycloalkanes exhibit distinct fragmentation patterns due to the inherent stability of their molecular ions compared to linear or branched alkanes. The ring structure of cycloalkanes provides additional stability to the molecular ions, often resulting in prominent ion peaks in the mass spectrum.
For example, cyclohexane molecular ions have a mass-to-charge ratio (m/z) of 84, which tends to produce a stronger signal than linear alkanes like hexane. This stability comes from...
2.2K

You might also read

Related Articles

Articles linked to this work by shared authors, journal, and citation graph.

Sort by
Same author

An AlphaFold guided model for the evolution of the CaMKII interactome.

bioRxiv : the preprint server for biology·2025
Same author

High iron in mouse olfactory ensheathing cells at the glia limitans in the olfactory bulb underlies MRI T <sub>2</sub> * hypointensity.

Imaging neuroscience (Cambridge, Mass.)·2025
Same author

Age-dependent integration of cortical progenitors transplanted at CSF-neurogenic niche interface.

Frontiers in cell and developmental biology·2025
Same author

Placozoan secretory cell types implicated in feeding, innate immunity and regulation of behavior.

PloS one·2025
Same author

Ultrastructural characterization of peri-synaptic astrocytic processes around cerebellar Purkinje spines under resting and stimulated conditions.

Molecular brain·2025
Same author

Ultrastructural characterization of hippocampal inhibitory synapses under resting and stimulated conditions.

Molecular brain·2024
Same journal

Genetically predicted CXCL16 expression is associated with Parkinson's disease risk and peripheral immune cell dysregulation: a two-sample mendelian randomization study.

Molecular brain·2026
Same journal

Endovascular stem cell therapy reconfigures post-stroke ER dynamics via GRP78/Atlastin/CHOP axis.

Molecular brain·2026
Same journal

OptoH<sub>3</sub>R fusion protein mimics β-arrestin-mediated membrane endocytosis of histamine H<sub>3</sub> receptor in vitro.

Molecular brain·2026
Same journal

Generating models for isoform-specific PKM-KIBRA interactions with BIFC, stabilization and AlphaFold 3.

Molecular brain·2026
Same journal

Therapeutic potential of AdipoRon in cognitive, depressive, and anxiety disorders: a systematic review and meta-analysis.

Molecular brain·2026
Same journal

PAK1 expression protects cellular and behavioral defects in animal models of Parkinson' s disease.

Molecular brain·2026
See all related articles

Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jan 20, 2026

Electroconvulsive Seizures in Rats and Fractionation of Their Hippocampi to Examine Seizure-induced Changes in Postsynaptic Density Proteins
09:07

Electroconvulsive Seizures in Rats and Fractionation of Their Hippocampi to Examine Seizure-induced Changes in Postsynaptic Density Proteins

Published on: August 15, 2017

12.6K

Postsynaptic densities fragment into subcomplexes upon sonication.

Ayse Dosemeci1, Jung-Hwa Tao-Cheng2, Valerie Bakly3

  • 1Laboratory of Neurobiology, National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA. dosemeca@mail.nih.gov.

Molecular Brain
|August 24, 2019
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Mechanical disruption fragments postsynaptic density (PSD) into smaller, modular subcomplexes. This suggests a patchwork structure of the PSD, enabling lateral flexibility.

Keywords:
EMElectron microscopyPSDPostsynaptic densitySonication

More Related Videos

Preparation of Synaptic Plasma Membrane and Postsynaptic Density Proteins Using a Discontinuous Sucrose Gradient
08:06

Preparation of Synaptic Plasma Membrane and Postsynaptic Density Proteins Using a Discontinuous Sucrose Gradient

Published on: September 3, 2014

32.0K
The Neuromuscular Junction: Measuring Synapse Size, Fragmentation and Changes in Synaptic Protein Density Using Confocal Fluorescence Microscopy
12:18

The Neuromuscular Junction: Measuring Synapse Size, Fragmentation and Changes in Synaptic Protein Density Using Confocal Fluorescence Microscopy

Published on: December 26, 2014

22.6K

Related Experiment Videos

Last Updated: Jan 20, 2026

Electroconvulsive Seizures in Rats and Fractionation of Their Hippocampi to Examine Seizure-induced Changes in Postsynaptic Density Proteins
09:07

Electroconvulsive Seizures in Rats and Fractionation of Their Hippocampi to Examine Seizure-induced Changes in Postsynaptic Density Proteins

Published on: August 15, 2017

12.6K
Preparation of Synaptic Plasma Membrane and Postsynaptic Density Proteins Using a Discontinuous Sucrose Gradient
08:06

Preparation of Synaptic Plasma Membrane and Postsynaptic Density Proteins Using a Discontinuous Sucrose Gradient

Published on: September 3, 2014

32.0K
The Neuromuscular Junction: Measuring Synapse Size, Fragmentation and Changes in Synaptic Protein Density Using Confocal Fluorescence Microscopy
12:18

The Neuromuscular Junction: Measuring Synapse Size, Fragmentation and Changes in Synaptic Protein Density Using Confocal Fluorescence Microscopy

Published on: December 26, 2014

22.6K

Area of Science:

  • Neuroscience
  • Cell Biology
  • Biochemistry

Background:

  • The postsynaptic density (PSD) is a crucial protein complex at excitatory synapses.
  • Understanding the PSD's structural organization is key to synaptic function.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To investigate the structural integrity and organization of PSDs under mechanical stress.
  • To determine if PSDs are composed of modular subcomplexes.

Main Methods:

  • Isolation of rat forebrain PSD fractions.
  • Sonication of PSD fractions to induce mechanical disruption.
  • Electron microscopy and immuno-gold labeling for structural and compositional analysis.
  • Biochemical analysis of supernatant and pellet fractions.

Main Results:

  • Sonicated samples revealed PSD fragments, some containing PSD-95 and SynGAP.
  • Major PSD components (SynGAP, PSD-95, Shank3, Homer, Glutamate receptors) were recovered in the pellet.
  • Contaminants like glial acidic fibrillary protein and neurofilament protein were in the supernatant.
  • Distinct particle size distributions were observed post-sonication, with 40-90 nm particles appearing.
  • Fragmentation suggests a modular structure of the PSD.

Conclusions:

  • The PSD appears to have a modular, patchwork structure.
  • Weak associations between these modules allow for dissociation under mechanical stress.
  • This modular organization likely confers lateral structural flexibility to the PSD.