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Related Concept Videos

Psychodynamic Perspectives on Personality01:27

Psychodynamic Perspectives on Personality

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The psychodynamic perspective in psychology asserts that most personality functions operate unconsciously, outside of awareness. This means that the motives and emotions driving behavior often remain hidden, automatically buried in the unconscious mind as a defense mechanism to shield us from psychological distress. According to this theory, the unconscious mind contains thoughts, memories, and emotions that are too disturbing to face directly.
Psychodynamic theorists argue that unconscious...
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The Behavioral Perspective on Personality01:19

The Behavioral Perspective on Personality

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Behaviorists view personality as primarily shaped by environmental reinforcements and consequences. According to this perspective, behavior is influenced by external stimuli, and individuals adjust their actions based on rewards and punishments. Over time, learning histories — accumulated patterns of reinforcement — play a significant role in shaping personality. Behaviors that lead to positive outcomes are reinforced, while those resulting in negative outcomes are diminished.
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Criticisms of the Evolutionary Perspective01:23

Criticisms of the Evolutionary Perspective

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In a study where individuals posing as strangers offered compliments and proposed casual sex to students, the responses differed significantly based on gender. Not a single woman accepted the proposal, while 70% of the men agreed. This outcome provides a useful scenario to explore through the lens of evolutionary psychology and social learning theory, highlighting the diverse perspectives on human sexual behaviors.
Evolutionary psychology provides one explanation for these findings, suggesting...
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Social Cognitive Perspective on Personality01:30

Social Cognitive Perspective on Personality

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Social cognitive perspectives on personality emphasize the importance of conscious awareness, beliefs, expectations, and goals in shaping behavior. These perspectives incorporate behaviorist principles, such as learning through reinforcement and conditioning, but extend beyond them by highlighting human reasoning and planning. Unlike traditional behaviorist views, social cognitive theory focuses on how individuals reflect on their past experiences and plan for future outcomes by considering...
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Changes in Skin Color: Clinical Perspectives01:14

Changes in Skin Color: Clinical Perspectives

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The first thing a clinician sees is the skin, so the examination of the skin should be part of any thorough physical examination. Most skin disorders are relatively benign, but a few, including melanomas, can be fatal if untreated. A couple of the more noticeable disorders, albinism and vitiligo, affect the appearance of the skin and its accessory organs.
Albinism
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Extraction: Advanced Methods00:56

Extraction: Advanced Methods

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Metal ions can be separated from one another by complexation with organic ligands–the chelating agent– to form uncharged chelates. Here, the chelating agent must contain hydrophobic groups and behave as a weak acid, losing a proton to bind with the metal. Since most organic ligands used in this process are insoluble or undergo oxidation in the aqueous phase, the chelating agent is initially added to the organic phase and extracted into the aqueous phase. The metal-ligand complex is...
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Perspectives on Neuroscience
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Hantavirus entry: Perspectives and recent advances.

Eva Mittler1, Maria Eugenia Dieterle1, Lara M Kleinfelter1

  • 1Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, NY, United States.

Advances in Virus Research
|August 24, 2019
PubMed
Summary

Hantaviruses cause severe diseases like HFRS and HPS globally. Understanding hantavirus entry mechanisms is crucial for developing therapeutics and vaccines against these dangerous zoonotic pathogens.

Keywords:
BunyavirusHantavirusHantavirus pulmonary syndromeHemorrhagic fever with renal syndromeVaccinesViral entryViral glycoprotein structureViral glycoproteinsViral receptors

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Area of Science:

  • Virology
  • Pathogen Biology
  • Molecular Mechanisms

Background:

  • Hantaviruses are significant zoonotic pathogens causing Hemorrhagic Fever with Renal Syndrome (HFRS) and Hantavirus Pulmonary Syndrome (HPS).
  • No FDA-approved therapeutics or vaccines are available due to incomplete understanding of hantavirus pathogenesis and replication.
  • Hantavirus Gn/Gc glycoproteins mediate virus attachment and entry, with candidate receptors including integrins, DAF/CD55, and gC1qR.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To review the current understanding of hantavirus cellular entry mechanisms.
  • To identify knowledge gaps in hantavirus pathogenesis and replication.
  • To suggest future research directions for developing interventions.

Main Methods:

  • Review of existing literature on hantavirus entry pathways.
  • Analysis of in vitro and in vivo studies on hantavirus-host interactions.
  • Discussion of molecular mechanisms involved in viral attachment, internalization, and fusion.

Main Results:

  • Integrins, DAF/CD55, and gC1qR are implicated as hantavirus attachment receptors.
  • Protocadherin-1 (PCDH1) is identified as a New World hantavirus-specific host factor for cellular entry.
  • Hantavirus entry involves clathrin-mediated, dynamin-independent, or macropinocytosis-like mechanisms, followed by endosomal fusion dependent on cholesterol and acid pH.

Conclusions:

  • Understanding hantavirus entry is critical for developing targeted therapies and vaccines.
  • Further research is needed to elucidate specific host-pathogen interactions and viral replication steps.
  • Identifying host factors like PCDH1 offers potential targets for antiviral strategies.