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In operant conditioning, the timing of reinforcement is crucial. For animals like rats and cats, immediate reinforcement (within a few seconds) is much more effective than delayed reinforcement. For example, a food reward for a rat needs to follow within 30 seconds of pressing a bar to be effective. 
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How do cells cope with RNA damage and its consequences?

Liewei L Yan1, Hani S Zaher2

  • 1Department of Biology, Washington University in St. Louis, St. Louis, Missouri 63130.

The Journal of Biological Chemistry
|August 24, 2019
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Cells possess quality-control mechanisms to repair or degrade chemically damaged RNA, crucial for maintaining cellular health and preventing diseases like neurodegeneration. This review covers RNA damage types and cellular responses.

Keywords:
Alzheimer diseaseRNARNA damageRNA modificationRNA repairalkBalkylationmRNA surveillanceoxidative stressquality controlribosomestresstranslationubiquitin

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Area of Science:

  • Biochemistry
  • Molecular Biology
  • Cell Biology

Background:

  • RNA molecules are susceptible to chemical damage from internal and external sources.
  • This damage can alter RNA's chemical properties, affecting vital cellular functions like translation and splicing.
  • Accumulated RNA damage is implicated in diseases, including neurodegenerative disorders.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To review common types of chemical RNA damage, focusing on oxidation and alkylation.
  • To discuss the functional consequences of messenger RNA (mRNA) damage and cellular responses.
  • To briefly examine the impact of damage on noncoding RNAs.

Main Methods:

  • Literature review of existing studies on RNA damage and cellular repair mechanisms.
  • Focus on chemical modifications, particularly oxidation and alkylation.
  • Analysis of cellular responses to maintain proteostasis.

Main Results:

  • Identified oxidation and alkylation as abundant RNA damage types.
  • Detailed the functional impact of mRNA damage and cellular proteostasis maintenance.
  • Highlighted the existence of RNA quality-control processes for damage recognition, degradation, or repair.

Conclusions:

  • Cells have evolved sophisticated mechanisms to manage RNA damage.
  • Understanding RNA damage pathways is crucial for comprehending cellular health and disease.
  • Further research into noncoding RNA damage is warranted.