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Chemistry is the study of matter and the changes it undergoes. Matter is anything that has mass and occupies space. Matter is all around us; the air, water, soil, mountains, even our bodies are all examples of matter. Matter is divided into three states — solid, liquid, and gas — that are commonly found on earth. The fourth state of matter, plasma, occurs naturally in the interiors of stars. 
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The earliest recorded discussion of the basic structure of matter comes from ancient Greek philosophers. Leucippus and Democritus argued that all matter was composed of small, finite particles that they called atomos, meaning “indivisible.” Later, Aristotle and others came to the conclusion that matter consisted of various combinations of the four “elements” — fire, earth, air, and water — and could be infinitely divided. Interestingly, these philosophers...
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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jan 20, 2026

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Soft matter from liquid crystals.

Young-Ki Kim1, JungHyun Noh2, Karthik Nayani2

  • 1Robert Frederick Smith School of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, Cornell University, 113 Ho Plaza, Ithaca, New York 14853, USA. nabbott@cornell.edu and Department of Chemical Engineering, Pohang University of Science and Technology, 77 Cheongam-Ro, Nam-Gu, Pohang, Gyengbuk 37673, Korea.

Soft Matter
|August 24, 2019
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Liquid crystals (LCs) enable advanced soft matter systems by controlling molecular assembly and interactions. Research explores new LC applications in directed assembly, templated polymerization, and colloid behavior for future technologies.

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Area of Science:

  • Soft matter physics
  • Materials science
  • Supramolecular chemistry

Background:

  • Liquid crystals (LCs) exhibit long-range orientational order, leading to anisotropic properties.
  • LCs respond to external stimuli like electric fields, temperature, and molecular adsorbates.
  • Recent research expands LC applications beyond optical responses to complex functions.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To review advances in liquid crystal-based soft matter systems.
  • To highlight fundamental phenomena enabling new technologies.
  • To discuss future directions integrating LC, surfactant, polymer, and colloid sciences.

Main Methods:

  • Directed assembly of amphiphilic molecules in LC defects and interfaces.
  • Templated polymerization in LCs using chemical vapor deposition.
  • Studies of various colloids (chiral, soft, active) within LCs.

Main Results:

  • Demonstration of directed assembly within LC topological defects and at aqueous interfaces.
  • Successful templated polymerization via chemical vapor deposition, controlling LC phase behavior.
  • Characterization of colloid behavior in LCs, including self-organization of active colloids.

Conclusions:

  • Liquid crystal soft matter systems offer fertile ground for fundamental research.
  • Integration of diverse scientific fields (LCs, surfactants, polymers, colloids) drives innovation.
  • These systems hold potential for creating transformative future technologies.