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Voltage-gated Ion Channels01:26

Voltage-gated Ion Channels

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Voltage-gated ion channels are transmembrane proteins that open and close in response to changes in the membrane potential. They are present on the membranes of all electrically excitable cells such as neurons, heart, and muscle cells.
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Ion Channels

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The movement of ions like sodium, potassium, and calcium into and out of the cell is essential to maintain the electrochemical gradient in living cells. The ion channels—a class of membrane transport proteins—help maintain this ionic gradient for the smooth functioning of physiological activities such as maintaining cell size and volume, conducting nerve impulses, and gas and nutrient exchange.
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Common Ion Effect03:24

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Compared with pure water, the solubility of an ionic compound is less in aqueous solutions containing a common ion (one also produced by dissolution of the ionic compound). This is an example of a phenomenon known as the common ion effect, which is a consequence of the law of mass action that may be explained using Le Châtelier’s principle. Consider the dissolution of silver iodide:
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Predicting Precipitation
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Ions as Acids and Bases02:54

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Salts with Acidic Ions
Salts are ionic compounds composed of cations and anions, either of which may be capable of undergoing an acid or base ionization reaction with water. Aqueous salt solutions, therefore, may be acidic, basic, or neutral, depending on the relative acid-base strengths of the salt’s constituent ions. For example, dissolving the ammonium chloride in water results in its dissociation, as described by the equation:
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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jan 20, 2026

Characterization of Electrode Materials for Lithium Ion and Sodium Ion Batteries Using Synchrotron Radiation Techniques
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Composition Engineering Boosts Voltage Windows for Advanced Sodium-Ion Batteries.

Yunling Jiang1, Guoqiang Zou1, Hongshuai Hou1

  • 1State Key Laboratory of Powder Metallurgy, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering , Central South University , Changsha 410083 , Hunan , China.

ACS Nano
|August 24, 2019
PubMed
Summary

Doping transition metal selenides with diverse ions enhances their stability and conductivity for sodium-ion batteries. Zinc doping, in particular, significantly boosts sodium storage performance and expands the stable voltage window.

Keywords:
bimetallic organic frameworksion dopingsodium-ion batteriestransition metal diselenidesvoltage windows

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Area of Science:

  • Materials Science
  • Electrochemistry
  • Energy Storage

Background:

  • Transition-metal selenides are promising anodes for sodium-ion batteries (SIBs).
  • Existing selenides require narrow voltage windows (0.5-3.0 V) for stable cycling, limiting energy density.
  • This limitation sacrifices low-voltage capacity and hinders performance in full SIBs.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To improve the electrochemical performance of transition-metal selenides for SIBs.
  • To enhance structural stability and conductivity through composition doping.
  • To expand the stable operating voltage window for SIB anodes.

Main Methods:

  • Synthesis of transition-metal selenides (CoM-Se2@NC, M = Ni, Cu, Zn) via composition doping.
  • Characterization of structural and conductive properties.
  • Electrochemical testing of anodes in sodium-ion batteries, including cycling and rate capability tests.

Main Results:

  • Doped selenides (CoM-Se2@NC) exhibit improved stability and conductivity over pristine CoSe2@NC.
  • Zinc-doped Zn2+ selenides show superior sodium storage performance.
  • Zn2+ doping delivers a capacity of 474 mAh g-1 after 80 cycles at 500 mA g-1 and high rate capacities at various current densities.

Conclusions:

  • Composition adjustment via metal ion doping is an effective strategy to optimize selenide anodes for SIBs.
  • Doping expands stable voltage windows and enhances cycling and rate properties.
  • This approach offers a feasible route for developing high-specific-energy sodium-ion batteries.