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Related Concept Videos

Diffusion01:12

Diffusion

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Diffusion is the passive movement of substances down their concentration gradients—requiring no expenditure of cellular energy. Substances, such as molecules or ions, diffuse from an area of high concentration to an area of low concentration in the cytosol or across membranes. Eventually, the concentration will even out, with the substance moving randomly but causing no net change in concentration. Such a state is called dynamic equilibrium, which is essential for maintaining overall...
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Diffusion01:21

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Diffusion is a type of passive transport. In passive transport, a substance tends to move from an area of high concentration to an area of low concentration until the concentration is equal across the space. For example, take the diffusion of substances through the air. When someone opens a perfume bottle in a room filled with people, the perfume is at its highest concentration in the bottle and is at its lowest at the edges of the room. The perfume vapor will diffuse, or spread away, from the...
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Physiological Pharmacokinetic Models: Blood Flow-Limited Versus Diffusion-Limited Models00:57

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Physiological pharmacokinetic models, often called flow-limited or perfusion models, typically assume a swift drug distribution between tissue and venous blood, creating a rapid drug equilibrium. This premise is based on the idea that drug diffusion is extremely fast, and the cell membrane presents no barrier to drug permeation. In this scenario, where no drug binding occurs, the drug concentration in the tissue equals that of the venous blood leaving the tissue. This greatly simplifies the...
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Facilitated Diffusion01:16

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The plasma membrane, a critical structure in cellular biology, houses an array of transporters, or carrier proteins, interspersed within its lipid bilayer. These proteins play a crucial role in solute transport through facilitated diffusion, a form of passive diffusion that uses transporters to move the molecules across the membrane.
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Behavior of Gas Molecules: Molecular Diffusion, Mean Free Path, and Effusion03:48

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Although gaseous molecules travel at tremendous speeds (hundreds of meters per second), they collide with other gaseous molecules and travel in many different directions before reaching the desired target. At room temperature, a gaseous molecule will experience billions of collisions per second. The mean free path is the average distance a molecule travels between collisions. The mean free path increases with decreasing pressure; in general, the mean free path for a gaseous molecule will be...
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Protein Diffusion in the Membrane01:24

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Proteins show rotational as well as lateral diffusion across the membrane. The lateral diffusion of proteins was confirmed through the cell fusion experiment where mouse and human cells were fused, resulting in hybrid cells. When the human and mouse cells fused, the specific membrane proteins on human and mouse cells were marked with the red and green-fluorescent markers, respectively. Initially, the red and green fluorescence was located on the respective hemisphere of the cell. As time...
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Millifluidics for Chemical Synthesis and Time-resolved Mechanistic Studies
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Time-Resolved Diffusion Detection with Microstopped Flow System.

Yusuke Nakasone1, Shunki Takaramoto1, Masahide Terazima1

  • 1Department of Chemistry, Graduate School of Science , Kyoto University , Kyoto 606-8502 , Japan.

Analytical Chemistry
|August 24, 2019
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

A new microstopped flow system enables the transient grating (TG) method for studying diffusion in photochemical reactions. This innovation requires minimal sample volume, expanding TG applications beyond traditional photochemical studies.

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Area of Science:

  • Biophysical Chemistry
  • Photochemistry
  • Protein Dynamics

Background:

  • The transient grating (TG) method is valuable for studying diffusion coefficients in photochemical reactions.
  • Current applications of TG are restricted to photochemical processes.
  • A need exists to broaden the applicability of TG to other reaction types and reduce sample volume requirements.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To develop a microstopped flow (μ-SF) system integrated with the TG method.
  • To expand the utility of TG for studying diffusion in a wider range of chemical and biological systems.
  • To demonstrate the system's capability using a photosensor protein denaturation study.

Main Methods:

  • Development of a microstopped flow (μ-SF) system capable of handling 3 μL of solution.
  • Determination of mixing times for absorption (400 μs) and diffusion (100 ms) measurements.
  • Application of the μ-SF-TG system to study acid-induced denaturation of the phototropin LOV2 domain.

Main Results:

  • The μ-SF system successfully integrates with the TG method.
  • The system allows for time-resolved diffusion measurements with minimal sample volume.
  • Acid-induced denaturation of phototropin LOV2 domain was successfully monitored.

Conclusions:

  • The developed μ-SF system significantly expands the applicability of the TG method.
  • This technique is advantageous for studying reactions requiring small sample volumes.
  • The system supports time-resolved diffusion, absorption, and fluorescence detection.