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Short-term regulation of food intake primarily involves neural signals from the gastrointestinal (GI) tract, blood nutrient levels, and GI tract hormones. Communication between the gut and brain via vagal nerve fibers plays a significant role in evaluating the contents of the gut. Clinical studies have shown that protein ingestion produces a more prolonged response in these nerve fibers compared to an equivalent amount of glucose. Additionally, the activation of stretch receptors caused by GI...
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Osmolality refers to the number of solute particles per kilogram of solvent in a solution. Plasma osmolality specifically indicates the total number of solute particles per kilogram of water in blood plasma. This value reflects the body's hydration status and is tightly regulated through mechanisms controlling water intake and output. While water consumption is a conscious decision, the body has intrinsic regulatory systems to maintain fluid balance. Dehydration, a state of water deficit...
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In biological systems, most metabolic pathways are interconnected. The cellular respiration processes that convert glucose to ATP—such as glycolysis, pyruvate oxidation, and the citric acid cycle—tie into those that break down other organic compounds. As a result, various foods—from apples to cheese to guacamole—end up as ATP. In addition to carbohydrates, food also contains proteins and lipids—such as cholesterol and fats. All of these organic compounds are used...
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Updated: Jan 20, 2026

'Boden Food Plate': Novel Interactive Web-based Method for the Assessment of Dietary Intake
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Dietary Intake Regulates the Circulating Inflammatory Monocyte Pool.

Stefan Jordan1, Navpreet Tung1, Maria Casanova-Acebes1

  • 1Department of Oncological Sciences, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, 1 Gustave L. Levy Place, New York, NY 10029, USA; The Precision Immunology Institute, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, 1 Gustave L. Levy Place, New York, NY 10029, USA; The Tisch Cancer Institute, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, 1 Gustave L. Levy Place, New York, NY 10029, USA.

Cell
|August 24, 2019
PubMed
Summary

Short-term fasting reduces monocyte activity and numbers, improving inflammatory diseases. This effect is mediated by liver energy sensors, impacting immune tone without hindering emergency responses.

Keywords:
AMPKCCL2Caloric restrictionPPARαfastinginflammationinflammatory diseaselivermetabolismmonocyte

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Area of Science:

  • Immunology
  • Metabolism
  • Nutritional Science

Background:

  • Caloric restriction is recognized for its benefits in managing inflammatory and autoimmune conditions.
  • The precise mechanisms linking reduced caloric intake to inflammation modulation remain unclear.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To elucidate how short-term fasting impacts monocyte activity and numbers.
  • To identify the molecular pathways and dietary factors governing these changes.
  • To assess the implications for chronic inflammatory diseases and immune responses.

Main Methods:

  • Investigated the effects of short-term fasting on monocyte metabolic and inflammatory activity in a preclinical model.
  • Analyzed the role of dietary glucose and protein levels in regulating peripheral monocyte counts.
  • Examined the involvement of 5'-AMP-activated protein kinase (AMPK) in hepatocytes and peroxisome proliferator-activator receptor alpha (PPARα) in monocyte mobilization.

Main Results:

  • Short-term fasting significantly reduced circulating monocyte numbers and their inflammatory activity.
  • Monocyte regulation was dependent on dietary glucose and protein.
  • AMPK activation in hepatocytes and PPARα-mediated suppression of CCL2 reduced monocyte mobilization from bone marrow.

Conclusions:

  • Caloric intake and liver energy sensors critically influence immune tone.
  • Fasting improves chronic inflammatory diseases by modulating monocyte activity and numbers.
  • This modulation does not impair essential monocyte functions during acute infections or tissue repair.