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Related Concept Videos

Insulin Formulations: Types and Delivery01:27

Insulin Formulations: Types and Delivery

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Insulin preparations are categorized by their duration of action into short-acting and long-acting types. Two strategies are used to modify insulin's absorption and pharmacokinetic profile: slowing the absorption post-subcutaneous injection, or altering human insulin's amino acid sequence or protein structure. These changes retain the insulin's ability to bind to the insulin receptor, but alter its behavior in solution or after injection.
Short-acting insulins are divided into...
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Polymers02:34

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The word polymer is derived from the Greek words “poly” which means “many” and “mer” which means “parts”. Polymers are long chains of molecules composed of repeating units of smaller molecules, known as monomers. They either occur naturally, such as DNA and proteins, or can be constructed synthetically, like plastics. They have varied structural characteristics, such as linear chains, branched chains, or complex networks, that contribute to the...
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Insulin Secretory Vesicles01:05

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Insulin secretory vesicles release insulin to stimulate blood glucose uptake and regulate carbohydrate metabolism. When the blood glucose levels increase, glucose enters the pancreatic β-islet cells through glucose transporters. Once inside, glucose is metabolized through glycolysis, the citric acid cycle, and the electron transport chain, producing ATP. This increase in ATP concentration closes ATP-sensitive potassium channels, leading to depolarization of the membrane and the opening of...
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Insulin: The Receptor and Signaling Pathways01:28

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Insulin action is mediated through a receptor tyrosine kinase, akin to the IGF-1 receptor. The number of receptors per cell varies significantly, from 40 on erythrocytes to 300,000 on adipocytes and hepatocytes. The insulin receptor consists of linked α/β subunit dimers, forming a heterotetramer glycoprotein with two extracellular α subunits and two β subunits spanning the membrane. The α subunits inhibit the inherent tyrosine kinase activity of the β subunits, but...
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Insulin: Biosynthesis, Chemistry, and Preparation01:25

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The endoplasmic reticulum (ER) of pancreatic β-cells synthesizes preproinsulin, which consists of a signal peptide, A and B chains, and a C-peptide. Preproinsulin is then cleaved and folded into proinsulin, which translocates to the Golgi apparatus for sorting and packaging into secretory granules. In these granules, enzymatic clipping generates insulin and C-peptide.
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Injectable Supramolecular Polymer-Nanoparticle Hydrogels for Cell and Drug Delivery Applications
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Polymer-Based Nanoparticle Strategies for Insulin Delivery.

Shazia Mansoor1, Pierre P D Kondiah1, Yahya E Choonara1

  • 1Wits Advanced Drug Delivery Platform Research Unit, Department of Pharmacy and Pharmacology, School of Therapeutic Sciences, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, 7 York Road, Parktown 2193, South Africa.

Polymers
|August 25, 2019
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Summary

Novel polymeric nanoparticles and nanocarriers improve insulin delivery for diabetes management, enhancing therapeutic efficacy and patient compliance. This approach optimizes insulin therapy for millions affected by diabetes mellitus (DM).

Keywords:
bioavailabilitybiodegradable platformsinsulinnanotechnologypolymeric delivery systems

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Area of Science:

  • Polymer Chemistry
  • Nanotechnology
  • Drug Delivery Systems

Background:

  • Diabetes mellitus (DM) affects over 451 million people globally, necessitating effective insulin therapy.
  • Current multiple daily insulin injections present challenges in patient compliance due to drawbacks in administration.
  • Advancements in drug delivery systems (DDSes) are crucial for optimizing diabetes treatment.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To review recent developments in polymer chemistry and nanotechnology for insulin delivery.
  • To explore novel platforms and administration routes for safe and efficient insulin delivery.
  • To highlight improvements in therapeutic efficacy, bioavailability, and controlled drug release.

Main Methods:

  • Integration of polymer science and nanotechnology to create advanced DDSes.
  • Development of polymeric nanoparticles (PNPs) and nanocarriers for insulin encapsulation.
  • Investigation of various administration routes for enhanced insulin transport.

Main Results:

  • Novel formulations combining polymeric nanoparticles and nanocarriers show significant improvements in insulin delivery.
  • Enhanced DDSes offer increased bioavailability, extended half-life, and better transport across biological barriers.
  • Potential for controlled drug delivery leading to improved therapeutic outcomes in diabetes management.

Conclusions:

  • Polymer chemistry and nanotechnology offer innovative solutions for insulin delivery challenges.
  • Nanoplatforms and novel administration routes can optimize insulin therapy for diabetes mellitus (DM).
  • These advancements promise safer, more effective treatments with improved patient compliance.