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Oxidation of Alcohols

Oxidation of Alcohols

In this lesson, the oxidation of alcohols is discussed in depth. The various reagents used for oxidation of primary and secondary alcohols are detailed, and their mechanism of action is provided.
The process of oxidation in a chemical reaction is observed in any of the three forms:

Ethers from Alcohols: Alcohol Dehydration and Williamson Ether Synthesis

Ethers from Alcohols: Alcohol Dehydration and Williamson Ether Synthesis

Overview
Ethers can be prepared from organic compounds by various methods. Some of them are discussed below,
Preparation of Ethers by Alcohol Dehydration
In this method, in the presence of protic acids, alcohol dehydrates to produce alkenes and ethers under different conditions. For example, in the presence of sulphuric acid, dehydration of ethanol at 413 K yields ethoxyethane, whereas it yields ethene at 443 K.

Protection of Alcohols

Protection of Alcohols

This lesson delves into the concept of protection and deprotection of a functional group fundamental to synthetic organic chemistry. These phenomena are explained in the context of aliphatic and aromatic alcohols.
Protection
It defines a protecting group as the masking agent to make the more reactive species inert to a given set of conditions. This concept is depicted via the illustration of liquid flow through different outlets in an assembly of pipes. The analogy helps to understand the role...

Preparation of Alcohols via Substitution Reactions

Preparation of Alcohols via Substitution Reactions

Overview
Alcohols can be synthesized from alkyl halides via nucleophilic substitution reactions. The highly polar carbon-halogen bond in the substrate makes halide a good leaving group. The hydroxide ion or water can act as a nucleophile to take the place of halide and form an alcohol. The substitution reactions occur via two different reaction pathways, SN1 or SN2, depending on the nature of carbon attached to the halide.
Primary alcohols are synthesized from primary alkyl halides, and the...

Esters to Alcohols: Hydride Reductions

Esters to Alcohols: Hydride Reductions

Esters are reduced to primary alcohols when treated with a strong reducing agent like lithium aluminum hydride. The reaction requires two equivalents of the reducing agent and proceeds via an aldehyde intermediate.
Lithium aluminum hydride is a source of hydride ions and functions as a nucleophile. The mechanism proceeds in three steps. Firstly, the nucleophilic hydride ion attacks the carbonyl carbon of the ester to form a tetrahedral intermediate. Subsequently, the carbonyl group re-forms,...

Esters to Alcohols: Grignard Reaction

Esters to Alcohols: Grignard Reaction

The reaction of an ester with a Grignard reagent, followed by hydrolysis of the magnesium alkoxide salt in aqueous acid, yields a tertiary alcohol. In the case of formate esters, secondary alcohols are formed.
The reaction requires two equivalents of the Grignard reagent and introduces two identical alkyl groups, derived from the Grignard reagent, bonded to the hydroxyl-bearing carbon of the alcohol.
The reaction follows the typical nucleophilic acyl substitution mechanism. The Grignard...

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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jan 20, 2026

Surgical Closure of Equine Abdomen, Prevention, and Management of Incisional Complications

Surgical Closure of Equine Abdomen, Prevention, and Management of Incisional Complications

Published on: May 10, 2024

Equine Skin Antisepsis Using an Alcohol-Based Rub.

Aimie J Doyle¹, Matthew E Saab², Krystina Lewis¹

¹Department of Health Management, Atlantic Veterinary College, University of Prince Edward Island, Charlottetown, Prince Edward, Canada.

Journal of Equine Veterinary Science

|August 25, 2019

Summary

Alcohol-based antiseptic effectively reduced equine skin bacteria counts by over 99% within 90 seconds. This equine antiseptic showed no significant adverse skin reactions, making it a safe and effective option.

Keywords:

Alcohol Antisepsis Equine

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High-Resolution Fluoro-Respirometry of Equine Skeletal Muscle

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Published on: February 3, 2023

Area of Science:

Veterinary Dermatology
Antimicrobial Efficacy
Equine Health

Background:

Limited research exists on alcohol-based antiseptic efficacy and tolerance in non-human species.
Equine skin antisepsis is crucial for preventing surgical site infections and improving patient outcomes.

Purpose of the Study:

To evaluate the efficacy of an alcohol-based antiseptic (ET) in reducing bacterial counts on equine skin.
To determine the optimal contact time for ET antisepsis on equine skin.
To assess the safety and tolerance of ET on equine skin.

Main Methods:

Bacterial counts on equine skin were sampled before and after antiseptic application using sterile saline as a control.
Two trials evaluated different contact times (90 and 180 seconds) for the alcohol-based antiseptic ET.
Colony-forming unit counts were determined using 3M Petrifilm Aerobic Count Plates and an automated reader.

Main Results:

The alcohol-based antiseptic (ET) achieved a significant mean 2.95 log10 reduction in bacterial counts.
ET demonstrated a statistically significant difference in bacterial reduction compared to the sterile saline control (P = .0033).
No significant difference in bacterial reduction was observed between 90-second and 180-second contact times (P = .75).

Conclusions:

Alcohol-based antiseptic (ET) is effective in reducing bacterial counts on equine skin.
A 90-second contact time is sufficient for effective bacterial reduction with ET.
ET exhibited minimal adverse skin reactions, primarily mild urticaria, comparable to the control group.