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Related Concept Videos

Assessment of the Mouth01:26

Assessment of the Mouth

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A thorough mouth assessment, including inspection and palpation of the lips, gums, tongue, tonsils, uvula, and pharynx, is crucial in detecting potential health issues. Diseases ranging from oral cancer to systemic conditions like diabetes could be identified early through careful oral examination. This article provides a detailed guide on conducting a comprehensive mouth assessment.
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Molecular Shapes01:18

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Molecules have characteristic shapes that are crucial for their function. The arrangement of various electron groups around the central atom dictates their molecular geometry. Electron pairs in the valence shell of a central atom will adopt an arrangement that minimizes repulsions between the electron pairs by maximizing the distance between them. The valence electrons form either bonding pairs, located primarily between bonded atoms, or lone pairs.
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In the CNS, neurogenesis, the birth of new neurons from stem cells, is limited to the hippocampus in adults. In other regions of the brain and spinal cord, neurogenesis is almost non-existent due to inhibitory influences from neuroglia, especially oligodendrocytes, and the absence of growth-stimulating cues. The myelin produced by oligodendrocytes in the CNS inhibits neuronal regeneration. Furthermore, astrocytes proliferate rapidly after neuronal damage, forming scar tissue that physically...
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An idealized LC circuit of zero resistance can oscillate without any source of emf by shifting the energy stored in the circuit between the electric and magnetic fields. In such an LC circuit, if the capacitor contains a charge q before the switch is closed, then all the energy of the circuit is initially stored in the electric field of the capacitor. This energy is given by
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Forced Oscillations01:06

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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jan 20, 2026

Generation and Long-term Maintenance of Nerve-free Hydra
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Mouth Function Determines the Shape Oscillation Pattern in Regenerating Hydra Tissue Spheres.

Rui Wang1, Tapan Goel2, Kate Khazoyan3

  • 1Department of Bioengineering, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, California; Biology Department, Swarthmore College, Swarthmore, Pennsylvania.

Biophysical Journal
|August 25, 2019
PubMed
Summary

Regenerating Hydra shift oscillation patterns not due to symmetry breaking, but mouth formation. This finding revises assumptions in theoretical models of Hydra pattern formation.

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Area of Science:

  • Developmental Biology
  • Regenerative Medicine
  • Biophysics

Background:

  • Hydra regeneration involves a hollow sphere with osmotic shape oscillations.
  • These oscillations are crucial for successful regeneration and axis formation.
  • A shift in oscillation pattern is linked to symmetry breaking in theoretical models.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To investigate the mechanistic cause of the oscillation pattern shift during Hydra regeneration.
  • To experimentally determine the trigger for the transition from large-amplitude to small-amplitude oscillations.
  • To challenge and refine existing theoretical models of Hydra pattern formation.

Main Methods:

  • In vivo manipulation and high-resolution imaging of regenerating Hydra tissue.
  • Quantification of shape oscillation dynamics.
  • Dissection of the timing and triggers of the pattern shift.

Main Results:

  • The shift in Hydra's shape oscillation pattern is caused by the formation of a functional mouth.
  • Shape symmetry breaking was experimentally shown not to be the direct cause of the oscillation pattern shift.
  • The timing of mouth formation correlates with the observed shift in oscillation dynamics.

Conclusions:

  • The established link between symmetry breaking and oscillation pattern shift in Hydra regeneration models is incorrect.
  • Mouth formation is the critical event triggering the change in oscillation dynamics.
  • Experimental data necessitate revision of theoretical models for Hydra pattern formation and regeneration.