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Phase Transitions

Phase Transitions

Whether solid, liquid, or gas, a substance's state depends on the order and arrangement of its particles (atoms, molecules, or ions). Particles in the solid pack closely together, generally in a pattern. The particles vibrate about their fixed positions but do not move or squeeze past their neighbors. In liquids, although the particles are closely spaced, they are randomly arranged. The position of the particles are not fixed—that is, they are free to move past their neighbors to...

Phase Transitions: Sublimation and Deposition

Phase Transitions: Sublimation and Deposition

Some solids can transition directly into the gaseous state, bypassing the liquid state, via a process known as sublimation. At room temperature and standard pressure, a piece of dry ice (solid CO2) sublimes, appearing to gradually disappear without ever forming any liquid. Snow and ice sublimate at temperatures below the melting point of water, a slow process that may be accelerated by winds and the reduced atmospheric pressures at high altitudes. When solid iodine is warmed, the solid sublimes...

Phase Transitions: Melting and Freezing

Phase Transitions: Melting and Freezing

Heating a crystalline solid increases the average energy of its atoms, molecules, or ions, and the solid gets hotter. At some point, the added energy becomes large enough to partially overcome the forces holding the molecules or ions of the solid in their fixed positions, and the solid begins the process of transitioning to the liquid state or melting. At this point, the temperature of the solid stops rising, despite the continual input of heat, and it remains constant until all of the solid is...

Phase Transitions: Vaporization and Condensation

Phase Transitions: Vaporization and Condensation

The physical form of a substance changes on changing its temperature. For example, raising the temperature of a liquid causes the liquid to vaporize (convert into vapor). The process is called vaporization—a surface phenomenon. Vaporization occurs when the thermal motion of the molecules overcome the intermolecular forces, and the molecules (at the surface) escape into the gaseous state. When a liquid vaporizes in a closed container, gas molecules cannot escape. As these gas phase molecules...

Phase Diagrams

Phase Diagrams

A phase diagram combines plots of pressure versus temperature for the liquid-gas, solid-liquid, and solid-gas phase-transition equilibria of a substance. These diagrams indicate the physical states that exist under specific conditions of pressure and temperature and also provide the pressure dependence of the phase-transition temperatures (melting points, sublimation points, boiling points). Regions or areas labeled solid, liquid, and gas represent single phases, while lines or curves represent...

Properties of Transition Metals

Properties of Transition Metals

Transition metals are defined as those elements that have partially filled d orbitals. As shown in Figure 1, the d-block elements in groups 3–12 are transition elements. The f-block elements, also called inner transition metals (the lanthanides and actinides), also meet this criterion because the d orbital is partially occupied before the f orbitals.

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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jan 20, 2026

Fabrication and Characterization of Superconducting Resonators

Fabrication and Characterization of Superconducting Resonators

Published on: May 21, 2016

InN superconducting phase transition.

Zhi-Yong Song^1,2, Liyan Shang¹, Zhigao Hu¹

¹Key Laboratory of Polar Materials and Devices, Ministry of Education, East China Normal University, Shanghai, 200062, China.

Scientific Reports

|August 25, 2019

Summary

This summary is machine-generated.

Indium nitride (InN) exhibits unique superconductivity due to its microstructure. Acid etching reveals that grain size and intergrain coupling significantly influence InN

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Area of Science:

Materials Science
Condensed Matter Physics
Semiconductor Physics

Background:

Indium nitride (InN) is a unique III-V semiconductor with unusual superconducting properties.
Most III-V semiconductors lack strong covalent bonding, hindering low-temperature superconductivity.
Understanding InN's superconducting mechanisms is crucial for novel electronic applications.

Purpose of the Study:

To investigate the influence of microstructure on superconducting phase transitions in Indium nitride (InN).
To explore the role of grain size and intergrain coupling in InN superconductivity.
To establish guidelines for engineering superconductivity in III-nitride materials.

Main Methods:

Chemical etching using HCl to remove unstable inclusions (e.g., metallic indium, In2O3).
Microstructural analysis to correlate grain size with superconducting behavior.
Measurement of superconducting phase transitions under varying conditions.

Main Results:

A quasi-two-dimensional vortex liquid-glass transition was observed in InN with large grain sizes.
InN with small grain sizes showed sensitivity to acid etching, transitioning to a non-zero resistance state.
Superconducting coherence length (ξ0) was found to be comparable to grain size, indicating grain-dependent effects.

Conclusions:

Individual InN grains and intergrain coupling are critical factors in sample-dependent superconducting phase transitions.
Microstructure engineering, particularly grain size control, is key to optimizing InN superconductivity.
This study provides a framework for advancing superconductivity in III-nitride materials.