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Related Concept Videos

X-ray Crystallography02:18

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The size of the unit cell and the arrangement of atoms in a crystal may be determined from measurements of the diffraction of X-rays by the crystal, termed X-ray crystallography.
Diffraction
Diffraction is the change in the direction of travel experienced by an electromagnetic wave when it encounters a physical barrier whose dimensions are comparable to those of the wavelength of the light. X-rays are electromagnetic radiation with wavelengths about as long as the distance between neighboring...
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The most common cardiovascular diagnostic test is an X-ray. It produces images of the heart, blood vessels, and adjacent structures.
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German physicist Wilhelm Röntgen (1845–1923) was experimenting with electrical current when he discovered that a mysterious and invisible "ray" would pass through his flesh but leave an outline of his bones on a screen coated with a metal compound. In 1895, Röntgen made the first durable record of the internal parts of a living human: an "X-ray" image (as it came to be called) of his wife’s hand. Scientists worldwide quickly began their own experiments with...
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X-ray diffraction or XRD is an analytical tool that utilizes X-rays to study ordered structures such as crystalline organic and inorganic samples, polycrystalline materials, proteins, carbohydrates, and drugs.
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Radiological investigations, including X-rays and computed tomography (CT) scans, are critical for diagnosing and evaluating various medical conditions. These imaging techniques provide valuable insights into the body's internal structures, aiding in the detection of abnormalities, assessment of disease progression, and development of treatment strategies. This article delves into two primary radiological investigations, chest X-rays and CT scans, outlining their purpose, procedures, and...
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Solids in which the atoms, ions, or molecules are arranged in a definite repeating pattern are known as crystalline solids. Metals and ionic compounds typically form ordered, crystalline solids. A crystalline solid has a precise melting temperature because each atom or molecule of the same type is held in place with the same forces or energy. Amorphous solids or non-crystalline solids (or, sometimes, glasses) which lack an ordered internal structure and are randomly arranged. Substances that...
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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jan 20, 2026

Author Spotlight: Characterizing DNA G-Quadruplex by Bis-3-Chloropiperidine Based Chemical Mapping
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X-Ray Crystallographic Studies of G-Quadruplex Structures.

Gary N Parkinson1, Gavin W Collie2,3

  • 1UCL School of Pharmacy, University College London, London, UK. gary.parkinson@ucl.ac.uk.

Methods in Molecular Biology (Clifton, N.J.)
|August 25, 2019
PubMed
Summary

X-ray crystallography now enables researchers to determine the atomic structures of G-quadruplex (G4) motifs. This method reveals G4 topologies, interactions, and associated molecules, advancing drug discovery and structural biology.

Keywords:
CrystallizationDNAData collectionG-quadruplexG4Macromolecular crystallographyNative SAD MAD phasingRNAStructure solutionX-ray diffraction

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Structural Studies of Macromolecules in Solution using Small Angle X-Ray Scattering
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Area of Science:

  • Structural Biology
  • Biophysics
  • Molecular Biology

Background:

  • G-quadruplex (G4) motifs are crucial nucleic acid structures with implications in various biological processes.
  • Understanding G4 structures at atomic resolution is key to exploring their functions and interactions with small molecules.
  • X-ray crystallography offers a powerful method for detailed structural elucidation.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To provide a comprehensive guide on applying X-ray crystallography to study G-quadruplex motifs.
  • To empower researchers, including non-specialists, to conduct G4 crystallization experiments.
  • To detail the process from oligonucleotide design to data analysis and model building.

Main Methods:

  • Design of synthetic DNA and RNA oligonucleotides for G4 formation.
  • Optimization of crystallization conditions using specialized screens.
  • Data collection at synchrotron facilities with automated processes.
  • Phasing, electron density visualization, and model building for structural determination.

Main Results:

  • Successful determination of G4 structures at atomic resolution.
  • Visualization of G4 topologies, inter- and intramolecular interactions.
  • Identification of solvent molecules and metal ions within the G4 central channel.
  • Demonstration of the accessibility of crystallographic techniques to non-specialist researchers.

Conclusions:

  • X-ray crystallography is a vital tool for understanding G-quadruplex structure and stability.
  • The accessibility of techniques and materials facilitates G4 structural studies.
  • This approach aids in the investigation of G4 recognition by small molecules, potentially leading to therapeutic applications.